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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 May 24.
Published in final edited form as: Semin Immunol. 2013 May 24;25(1):54–64. doi: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.04.001

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

The complement system has a dual action in cancer. Experimental data support the idea that complement is activated by tumors. However, some studies also suggest that malignant cells evade the harmful effects of complement and make use of some complement effector molecules to promote cancer growth. Unfortunately, the exact mechanisms and consequences of this duality are not very well known.