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QCM response to bacterial biofilm formation and growth without (black) and with (red) exposure to 25 µg/mL as-syn TiO2 nanoparticles. (A) Changes in deposited mass as measured by the change in frequency and (B) the viscoelastic properties as measured by changes in quartz crystal resistance. Arrows indicate the window of time where S. oneidensis are introduced to the QCM flow cell. Outside of this time range, flow consisted of aerated LB broth without or with TiO2.
