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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Aug 5.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2001 Sep;17(5):434–440. doi: 10.1097/00001574-200109000-00006

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling and regulation.

Figure 1

The signaling pathway includes two types of membrane Ser/Thr receptor kinases (TβR-I and TβR-II), the receptor Smads2/3, the co-Smad4, the inhibitory Smad7 and nuclear partner proteins (eg, DNA-binding factors). The Smad signaling is negatively regulated by Smad7, which itself can be induced by several crosstalks, including epidermal growth factor signaling and NFkB.