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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Aug 5.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Neurol. 2010 Sep;68(3):342–352. doi: 10.1002/ana.22070

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Schematic model of erythropoietin (EPO) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) signaling pathways, showing synergistic effects of EPO and IGF-I against gp120-induced neurodegeneration. The signaling mechanism includes phosphorylation and activation of the receptors (R) on EPO or IGF-I binding, activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, hyperphosphorylation of tau, and activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). JAK-2 = Janus tyrosine kinase-2; IKK = IκB kinase; AKT = protein kinase B; GSK = glycogen synthase kinase; XIAP = X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis; SOD = superoxide dismutase; Casp-3 = caspase-3.