Table 2.

Familial Clustering of Adult-Onset Focal Dystonias

Source	Type of dystonia
Bhidayasiri et al, 2005291	UL
Brancati et al, 2002292	BL, CD, UL
Bressman et al, 1996 (A)293	CD, UL
Bressman et al, 1996 (B)293	CD
Cassetta et al, 1999294	BL, CD OMD
Defazio et al, 2003a (1)295	BL
Defazio et al, 2003a (2)295	BL
Defazio et al, 2003b (3)296	BL, CD
Defazio et al, 2003b (4)296	BL
Defazio et al, 2003b (5)296	CD, UL
Defazio et al, 2003b (6)296	BL, UL
Defazio et al, 2003b (10)296	BL, CD, OMD
Gasser et al, 1998297	UL
Jimenez-Jimenez et al, 2002298	BL, CD, OMD
Leube et al, 1996299	CD, LD, UL
Leube et al, 199742	CD, LD, UL
Micheli et al, 1994300	CD, UL
Munchau et al, 2000301	BL, CD, UL, OMD
Norgren et al, 2011302	BL, CD, G, S, UL
O’Riordan et al, 2004186	CD, UL
Puschmann et al, 2011303	BL, CD, OMD, LL, UL
Schmidt et al, 2006 (A)304	UL
Schmidt et al, 2006 (B)304	UL
Schmidt et al, 2006 (C)304	UL
Uitti et al, 1993305	CD
Winter et al, 2012306	BL, CD, LD, OMD, UL

This table was modified and extended from a prior review.⁸ It includes individual families with AOFD with at least 3 affected and subjects were directly examined. In some cases, clinical details were limited and only presenting features were provided. Reports containing more than one family show families separately.

In other Abbreviations: BL=blepharospasm; CD=cervical dystonia; G=generalized; LD=laryngeal dystonia; OMD=oromandibular dystonia; S=segmental; UL=upper limb dystonia.