Table 2. Participant characteristics at baseline.1 .
| Refined | Wheat | Wheat + oats | ||||||||||
| All | Men | Women | All | Men | Women | All | Men | Women | P2 | P3 | P4 | |
| n | 63 | 30 | 33 | 73 | 39 | 34 | 70 | 36 | 34 | |||
| Age (years) | 51.8 (7.4) | 50.9 (8.7) | 53.2 (5.8) | 51.6 (7.4) | 50. 2 (7.4) | 53.6 (6.9) | 52.1 (7.4) | 51.7 (7.4) | 52.1 (7.4) | 0.945 | 0.670 | 0.661 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.0 (4.0) | 28.5 (3.1) | 27.6 (4.7) | 28.0 (4.2) | 28.5 (3.4) | 27.5 (4.9) | 27.0 (3.7) | 27.1 (2.4) | 26.9 (4.8) | 0.221 | 0.085 | 0.815 |
| Waist circum. (cm) | 90.9 (12.1) | 97.5 (8.4) | 85.7 (12.2) | 93.0 (12.2) | 99.1 (9.7) | 87.5 (11.9) | 93.4 (12.1) | 96.7 (8.2) | 86.0 (13.1) | 0.417 | 0.483 | 0.813 |
| SBP 5 (mmHg) | 131.2 (1.4)a | 133.8 (2.8)a | 128.9 (2.6) | 125.9 (1.4)b | 127.7 (2.0)b | 123.7 (1.8) | 131.7 (1.4)a | 134.9 (1.9)a | 128.3 (2.5) | 0.019 | 0.041 | 0.242 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 79.1 (0.8)a | 79.6 (1.5) | 78.8 (1.4)a | 75.7 (0.8)b | 77.0 (1.4) | 74.3 (1.2)b | 78.4 (0.8)a | 79.3 (1.1)a | 77.6 (1.3) | 0.026 | 0.315 | 0.053 |
| Chol (mmol/L) | 5.94 (1.11) | 5.89 (1.04) | 5.99 (1.12) | 5.46 (1.18) | 5.28 (1.01) | 5.87 (1.30) | 5.57 (1.03) | 5.48 (0.95) | 5.67 (1.12) | 0.087 | 0.056 | 0.532 |
| % change 5,6 | −2.92 (7.69)a | −2.87 (9.31) | −2.97 (6.15) | 2.23 (10.25)b | 2.78 (11.42) | 4.64 (8.95) | −0.40 (9.11)ab | 0.33 (10.00) | −1.17 (8.15) | 0.013 | 0.099 | 0.058 |
| TAG3 (mmol/L) | 1.49 (0.86)a | 1.78 (1.03)a | 1.23 (0.60) | 1.27 (0.68)ab | 1.44 (0.76)ab | 1.08 (0.53) | 1.12 (0.54)b | 1.23 (0.49)b | 1.00 (0.57) | 0.012 | 0.024 | 0.222 |
| % change6 | 0.13 (29.04) | 3.32 (36.28) | −2.57 (21.32) | 3.85 (32.35) | 6.83 (37.22) | 0.62 (26.22) | 10.49 (31.07) | 11.79 (35.21) | 9.13 (26.45) | 0.151 | 0.643 | 0.141 |
| LDL chol (mmol/L) | 3.66 (0.98) | 3.68 (0.94) | 3.65 (1.03) | 3.45 (1.03) | 3.30 (0.95) | 3.62 (1.11) | 3.45 (0.89) | 3.47 (0.84) | 3.43 (0.95) | 0.365 | 0.250 | 0.652 |
| % change5,6 | −4.36 (10.48)a | −4.34 (11.01)b | −4.37 (10.18)ab | 3.09 (13.78) | 4.19 (14.70) | 1.88 (12.81) | −1.89 (13.57) | −0.84 (16.20) | −3.00 (10.22) | 0.007 | 0.059 | 0.058 |
| HDL chol (mmol/L) | 1.62 (0.48) | 1.44 (0.42) | 1.78 (0.48) | 1.55 (0.40) | 1.35 (0.30) | 1.78 (0.38) | 1.62 (0.40) | 1.46 (0.33) | 1.79 (0.41) | 0.506 | 0.338 | 0.990 |
| % change6 | 0.23 (11.42) | −1.10 (12.80) | 1.37 (10.19) | 2.92 (9.49) | 3.00 (11.14) | 2.84 (7.54) | 3.58 (31.32) | 6.16 (42.62) | 0.85 (10.49) | 0.615 | 0.575 | 0.668 |
1
Results are mean (SD), TAG = triglycerides.
2
Differences between groups (All) were assessed by using two-factor ANOVA. There was no significant diet-gender interaction.
3
Differences between groups for men were assessed by using one-factor ANOVA.
4
Differences between groups for women were assessed by using one-factor ANOVA.
5
Values in the same row with different superscript letters are significantly different (Bonferroni post hoc test).
6
% change from baseline after 12 weeks intervention.