| Variable | Foead et al. [14] | Kocher et al. [28] | Tripuraneni et al. [54] | Vaidya [55] | Gaston et al. [16] | Anwar et al. [2] | Maity et al. [35] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | 2004 | 2007 | 2009 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 |
| Design type | RCT | RCT | Quasi-RCT | RCT | Quasi-RCT | RCT | RCT |
| Populations | |||||||
| Number | |||||||
| Lateral group | 27 | 28 | 20 | 29 | 47 | 25 | 80 |
| Crossed group | 28 | 24 | 20 | 31 | 57 | 25 | 80 |
| Age (years) | 5.78 | 7.02 | |||||
| Lateral group | 6.1 | 4.3 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 6.12 | ||
| Crossed group | 5.7 | 5.5 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.24 | ||
| Male: female | Unclear | Unclear | 33:17 | ||||
| Lateral group | 10:18 | 21:8 | 22:25 | 51:29 | |||
| Crossed group | 13:11 | 17:14 | 31:26 | 48:32 | |||
| Gartland type | II and III | III | II and III | III | III | II and III | II and III |
| Inclusion criteria | Closed extension fracture; within 72 hours of injury | Closed extension fracture; within 48 hours of injury | No restriction for open, multiple and compound fracture (total 3 patients) | Closed fracture; within 96 hours of injury | Closed extension fracture; within 24 hours of injury | Closed fracture; within 72 hours of injury | Closed extension fracture; within 72 hours of injury |
| Exclusion criteria | Multiple fracture; compound fracture; previous fracture | Multiple fracture; compound fracture; previous fracture; open reduction | Revision fixation cases | Multiple fracture; compound fracture; previous fracture; open reduction | Inadequate perioperative radiographs | Neurovascular complications; open reduction and internal fixation | Multiple fracture; compound fracture; previous fracture; open reduction |
| Interventions | |||||||
| Lateral group | Closed reduction and two lateral pins | Closed reduction and two lateral pins | Closed reduction and two lateral pins; 8 patients with a third pin | Closed reduction and two or three lateral pins | Closed reduction and two lateral pins; 5 patients with a third pin; 3 open reductions | Closed reduction and two lateral pins | Closed reduction and two lateral pins |
| Crossed group | Closed reduction and two crossed pins | Closed reduction and two crossed pins | Closed reduction and two crossed pins; 5 patients with a third pin; one open reduction | Closed reduction with one medial and one or two lateral pins | Closed reduction and two crossed pins; 8 patients with a third pin; 5 open reduction | Closed reduction and two crossed pins | Closed reduction and two crossed pins |
| Outcomes | |||||||
| Radiographic outcomes | Change in carrying angle, Baumann angle, and medial epicondylar epiphyseal angle | Baumann, carrying and humerocapitellar angle; change in Baumann and Humerocapitellar angle; loss of reduction | Baumann angle, Humerotrochlear angle | Change in carrying angle, change in Baumann and Humerocapitellar angle; loss of reduction | Humerocapitellar angle; change in Baumann and Humerocapitellar angle; loss of reduction | Change in Baumann angle; loss of carrying angle; loss of metaphyseal diaphyseal angle | Baumann and carrying angle; change in Baumann angle; loss of carrying angle; loss of reduction |
| Functional outcomes | Loss of extension and flexion | Range of motion; Flynn criteria; return to function | Range of motion | Range of motion; Flynn criteria; return to function | Flynn criteria; loss of extension and flexion | Range of motion; Flynn criteria | |
| Complications | Iatrogenic nerve injury; infection; vascular injury; compartment syndrome | Iatrogenic nerve injury; infection; reoperation | Iatrogenic nerve injury; infection | Iatrogenic nerve injury; infection; reoperation | Iatrogenic nerve injury; reoperation; compartment syndrome | Iatrogenic nerve injury; compartment syndrome | Iatrogenic nerve injury; infection |
| Followup | 8.9 months | 3 months | 6 months | Unclear | 6 months | 3 months | |
| Lateral group | 65.1 days | ||||||
| Crossed group | 54.6 days | ||||||
Quasi-RCTs were defined as those in which randomization is inadequately concealed (ie, patients are allocated according to known characteristics such as date of birth, hospital chart number, or day of presentation); RCT = randomized controlled trial.