Fig. 3.

Box-and-whisker plot of the axial construct stiffness (N/mm) under static loading. The box shows the interquartile range (IQR) and the whiskers extend to the smallest and largest values except data points with distance greater than 1.5 times IQR. The black line within the box represents the median. Outliers are data points lying between 1.5 times IQR and three times IQR. Extremes are data points beyond three times IQR and were marked as asterisks (*). All data points were included for statistical analysis. The highest stiffness was found for AxSOS followed by PERI-LOC, LCP, and POLYAX (n = 6 per implant system).