Table 1.
Blood lead levels and GFR by participant characteristic.a
| Characteristic | No. (%) of participants | Blood lead level(µg/dL) | p-Value | GFR(mL/min/1.73m2) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 391 | 1.2 (0.9, 1.8) | — | 44.4 (33.7, 57.9) | — |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 154 (39) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | 0.02 | 45.3 (34.7, 56.6) | 0.51 |
| Male | 237 (61) | 1.3 (1.0, 1.9) | 43.7 (32.8, 58.8) | ||
| Age (years) | |||||
| 0–5 | 50 (13) | 1.7 (1.1, 2.8) | <0.001 | 44.4 (36.9, 58.3) | 0.72 |
| 6–11 | 149 (38) | 1.3 (1.0, 1.9) | 44.9 (35.5, 56.7) | ||
| 12–19 | 192 (49) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | 43.8 (32.1, 59.0) | ||
| Race | |||||
| Black | 59 (15) | 1.4 (1.0, 2.1) | 0.02 | 47.3 (37.0, 68.4) | 0.34 |
| White | 270 (69) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.7) | 43.5 (32.7, 55.6) | ||
| Other | 62 (16) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.6) | 47.6 (36.3, 63.1) | ||
| Hispanic | |||||
| Yes | 51 (13) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.6) | 0.05 | 39.1 (32.7, 50.7) | 0.01 |
| No | 340 (87) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.8) | 45.8 (34.4, 59.2) | ||
| Obeseb | |||||
| Yes | 57 (15) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.6) | 0.20 | 44.5 (32.6, 64.5) | 0.65 |
| No | 334 (85) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.8) | 44.2 (34.1, 57.5) | ||
| Povertyc | |||||
| Yes | 82 (21) | 1.4 (1.0, 2.0) | 0.01 | 43.7 (32.7, 65.2) | 0.47 |
| No | 309 (79) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.7) | 44.6 (34.1, 57.5) | ||
| CKD diagnosisd | |||||
| Glomerular | 73 (19) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) | <0.001 | 48.3 (32.0, 65.6) | 0.35 |
| Nonglomerular | 318 (81) | 1.3 (1.0, 1.8) | 44.1 (34.1, 56.6) | ||
| Proteinuriae | |||||
| None | 114 (29) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.8) | 0.23 | 55.7 (44.0, 68.1) | <0.001 |
| Significant | 233 (60) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.8) | 42.7 (32.8, 53.5) | ||
| Nephrotic | 44 (11) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.5) | 31.8 (22.8, 41.7) | ||
| Blood cadmium tertile(µg/L) | |||||
| 1 (≤0.097) | 128 (33) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.6) | 0.27 | 45.3 (35.5, 59.3) | 0.46 |
| 2 (0.097–≤0.16) | 134 (34) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.8) | 43.6 (34.0, 55.1) | ||
| 3 (>0.16) | 129 (33) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.7) | 44.7 (32.6, 61.7) | ||
| Anemiaf | |||||
| Yes, untreated | 107 (28) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.9) | 0.01 | 38.4 (28.3, 47.3) | <0.001 |
| No, untreated | 224 (57) | 1.3 (1.0, 1.8) | 51.8 (43.1, 65.4) | ||
| ESA-treated | 60 (15) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.4) | 30.6 (22.8, 36.8) | ||
| aCharacteristics from first (year 2) study visit only are presented for participants contributing data from more than one study visit (n=94). Data are given as median (interquartile range) unless otherwise indicated. bObesity was defined as BMI (weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) at or above the 95th percentile. cPoverty definition based on 2009 U.S. Federal Poverty Guidelines (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2009) incorporating household income and family size. dSee “Methods” for complete listing of glomerular and nonglomerular diagnoses. eProtein/creatinine ratio >0.2 and <2.0; nephrotic defined as ratio ≥2.0. fHemoglobin level <5th percentile for age/sex; ESA-treated category includes participants with and without anemia. | |||||