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. 2013 Aug;110(2):1–30. doi: 10.1017/S0007114513001505

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© ILSI Europe 2013

The online version of this paper is published within an Open Access environment subject to the conditions of the Creative Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike licence <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/>. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use.

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Fig. 3 — Graphical representation of the five different scenarios for the modulation of immune function markers relative to the reference range. Scenario 1: statistically significant modulation within the reference range or within the range of a relevant control population, a very common scenario for modulation due to nutrition. Scenario 2: statistically significant modulation from outside the reference or control range of a relevant control population back into the range. Cases are different before intervention and become similar after intervention. Scenario 3: statistically significant modulation from within the reference or control range of a relevant control population out of the range. Cases are similar before intervention and become different after intervention. Scenario 4: nutritional prevention of statistically significant modulation induced by other endogenous or exogenous factors. Markers move out of the reference range of a relevant control population in the reference group, but this is prevented by nutrition in the intervention group (e.g. prevention of negative effects on the immune function of ageing or UV-B exposure or prevention of allergic sensitisation). Scenario 5: statistically significant modulation from a less favourable reference range to the reference range of a comparator group with a more desired immune function (e.g. from bottle-fed infants to breast-fed infants, elderly individuals to healthy adults, strenuous exercise to healthy controls, sleep deprivation to sleep sufficiency, etc.).