TABLE 4.
HAZARD RATIOS FOR SPECIFIC CAUSES OF MORTALITY IN 2003–2007 FOR AN INTERQUARTILE RANGE CHANGE IN 2002 POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS
| |
PM10 (n = 830,842) |
PM2.5 (n = 830,842) |
SO2 (n = 823,442) |
NO2 (n = 830,429) |
O3 (n = 824,654) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cause of Death and Baseline Variables Adjusted For | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI |
| Circulatory* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| + age, sex |
1.06 |
1.03–1.09 |
1.07 |
1.03–1.10 |
1.07 |
1.05–1.09 |
1.07 |
1.03–1.10 |
0.94 |
0.91–0.97 |
| + age, sex, smoking, BMI |
1.05 |
1.02–1.08 |
1.05 |
1.02–1.09 |
1.06 |
1.04–1.08 |
1.05 |
1.02–1.09 |
0.95 |
0.92–0.97 |
| + age, sex, smoking, BMI, income† |
1.00 |
0.97–1.03 |
1.00 |
0.97–1.03 |
1.04 |
1.03–1.06 |
1.00 |
0.97–1.03 |
0.96 |
0.94–0.99 |
| + age, sex, smoking, BMI, education† |
1.02 |
0.99–1.04 |
1.02 |
1.00–1.05 |
1.03 |
1.01–1.05 |
1.03 |
1.00–1.07 |
0.96 |
0.94–0.98 |
| Respiratory* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| + age, sex |
1.19 |
1.14–1.24 |
1.20 |
1.15–1.25 |
1.13 |
1.09–1.17 |
1.22 |
1.16–1.27 |
0.89 |
0.85–0.94 |
| + age, sex, smoking, BMI |
1.16 |
1.12–1.21 |
1.17 |
1.12–1.22 |
1.12 |
1.09–1.15 |
1.17 |
1.12–1.23 |
0.91 |
0.87–0.95 |
| + age, sex, smoking, BMI, income† |
1.08 |
1.04–1.12 |
1.09 |
1.05–1.13 |
1.09 |
1.06–1.12 |
1.09 |
1.04–1.14 |
0.94 |
0.90–0.97 |
| + age, sex, smoking, BMI, education† |
1.11 |
1.08–1.15 |
1.12 |
1.08–1.16 |
1.07 |
1.04–1.10 |
1.15 |
1.10–1.20 |
0.93 |
0.90–0.96 |
| Lung cancer* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| + age, sex |
1.12 |
1.05–1.20 |
1.14 |
1.07–1.22 |
1.10 |
1.05–1.15 |
1.20 |
1.12–1.27 |
0.89 |
0.84–0.95 |
| + age, sex, smoking, BMI |
1.07 |
1.02–1.13 |
1.08 |
1.03–1.14 |
1.07 |
1.03–1.11 |
1.13 |
1.07–1.19 |
0.92 |
0.88–0.97 |
| + age, sex, smoking, BMI, income† |
1.01 |
0.96–1.06 |
1.02 |
0.97–1.07 |
1.05 |
1.01–1.08 |
1.06 |
1.00–1.12 |
0.94 |
0.90–0.99 |
| + age, sex, smoking, BMI, education† | 1.03 | 0.98–1.08 | 1.04 | 0.99–1.09 | 1.03 | 0.99–1.06 | 1.11 | 1.05–1.17 | 0.94 | 0.90–0.98 |
Definition of abbreviations: BMI = body mass index; CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratio; NO2 = nitrogen dioxide; O3 = ozone; PM2.5 = particulate matter with a median aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm; PM10 = particulate matter with a median aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm; SO2 = sulfur dioxide.
Interquartile ranges for each pollutant were as follows: PM10 = 3.0 μg/m3; PM2.5 = 1.9 μg/m3; SO2 = 2.2μg/m3; NO2 = 10.7 μg/m3; O3 = 3.0 μg/m3.
Number of deaths for each pollutant analysis was as follows. Circulatory: PM10/PM2.5 = 28,743; SO2 = 28,441; NO2 = 28,726; O3 = 28,427. Respiratory: PM10/PM2.5 = 10,508; SO2 = 10,408; NO2 = 10,500; O3 = 10,437. Lung cancer: PM10/PM2.5 = 5,244; SO2 = 5,192; NO2 = 5,241; O3 = 5,210.
Census deprivation score. Results adjusting for employment were similar to those adjusting for education (data not shown).