TABLE 5.
RESULTS FROM PUBLISHED COHORT STUDIES OF LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO PARTICULATE MATTER AND RESPIRATORY MORTALITY
| Study | Setting | N | Age (yr) | Definition of Respiratory Disease | No. of Respiratory Deaths | Exposure Years | Mean Exposure (μg/m3) (SD) | Key Adjustments | HR per 10 μg/m3 | 95% CI per 10 μg/m3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM10 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Abbey et al., 1999 (27) |
California, United States |
6,338 (nonsmokers) |
27–95 |
ICD-9: 460–519 |
272 |
1973–1992 |
51.3 (16.6) |
Past smoking, education, BMI, exercise |
1.06 |
0.99–1.15 |
| Naess et al., 2007 (13) |
Oslo, Norway |
143,842 |
51–90 |
ICD-10: J40–J47 |
1,455 |
1992–1995 |
Range, 6.6–30.1 |
Occupation, education |
1.06–1.28 |
n/a |
| Hales et al., 2010 (17) |
New Zealand |
1,051,464 |
30–74 |
ICD-9: 162, 470-478, 490-519 |
3,213 |
1995–2001 |
8.3 (8.4) |
Smoking, BMI, census SES |
1.14 |
1.05–1.23 |
| Lipsett et al., 2011 (36) |
California, United States |
61,181 (female teachers) |
20–80+ |
ICD-9: 460–519 & ICD-10: J00-J98 |
453 |
1996–2005 |
29.2 (9.7) |
Smoking, BMI, exercise, census SES |
1.08 |
0.98–1.19 |
| Hart et al., 2011 (34) |
United States |
53,814 (male truckers) |
15–85 |
ICD-10: J10–18, J40–J98 |
317 |
1985–2000 |
26.8 (6.0) |
Census region |
1.04 |
0.85–1.27 |
| Dong et al., 2012 (38) |
Shenyang, China |
9,941 |
35–103 |
ICD-10: J00-J99 |
72 |
1998–2009 |
154 (41) |
Smoking, education, income, BMI, exercise |
1.67 |
1.60–1.74 |
| Present study |
United Kingdom |
831,788 |
40–89 |
ICD-10: J00-J99 |
10,518 |
2002 |
19.8 (2.3) |
Smoking, BMI, income |
1.30 |
1.15–1.47 |
| PM2.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Naess et al., 2007 (13) |
Oslo, Norway |
143,842 |
51–90 |
ICD-10: J40–J47 (COPD) |
1,455 |
1992–1995 |
Range, 6.6–22.3 |
Occupation, education |
1.07–1.41 |
n/a |
| Beelen et al., 2008 (15) |
Netherlands |
117,528 |
58–67 |
ICD-10: J00-J99 |
904 |
1987–1996 |
28.3 (3.1) |
Smoking, education, BMI, diet |
1.07 |
0.75–1.52 |
| Jerrett et al., 2009 (37) |
United States |
448,850 |
30+ |
ICD-9: 460–519 |
9,891 |
1999–2000 |
13.8 (n/a) |
Smoking, education, BMI, exercise |
1.03 |
0.96–1.11 |
| Katanoda et al., 2011 (18) |
Japan |
63,520 (no baseline respiratory disease) |
40–70+ |
ICD-9: 460–519 |
677 |
1974–1983 |
Area range, 16.8–41.9 |
Smoking, occupation |
1.16 |
1.04–1.30 |
| Lipsett et al., 2011 (36) |
California, United States |
73,489 (female teachers) |
20–80+ |
ICD-9: 460–519 and ICD-10: J00-J98 |
404 |
1996–2005 |
15.6 (4.5) |
Smoking, BMI, exercise, census SES |
1.21 |
0.97–1.52 |
| Hart et al., 2011 (34) |
United States |
53,814 (male truckers) |
15–85 |
ICD-10: J10–18, J40–J98 |
317 |
1985–2000 |
26.8 (6.0) |
Census region |
1.18 |
0.91–1.54 |
| Lepeule et al., 2012 (9) |
Six cities, United States |
8,096 |
25–74 |
ICD-10: J40–J47 (COPD) |
247 |
1974–2009 |
15.9 (n/a) |
Smoking, education, BMI |
1.17 |
0.85–1.62 |
| Cesaroni et al., 2013 (16) |
Rome, Italy |
1,265,058 |
30+ |
ICD-9: 460-519 |
8,825 |
2005 |
23.0 (4.4) |
Education, occupation, census SES |
1.03 |
0.97–1.08 |
| Present study |
United Kingdom |
831,788 |
40–89 |
ICD-10: J00-J99 |
10,518 |
2002 |
12.9 (1.4) |
Smoking, BMI, income |
1.54 |
1.27–1.86 |
| Black smoke |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Elliot et al., 2007 (39) |
United Kingdom |
662,343 |
30+ |
ICD-9: 460–519 |
8,471 |
1990–1994 |
13.3 (5.3) |
Area SES |
1.19† |
1.05–1.36 |
| Beelen et al., 2008 (15) |
Netherlands |
117,528 |
58–67 |
ICD-10: J00-J99 |
904 |
1987–1996 |
13.9 (2.2) |
Smoking, education, BMI, diet |
1.22 |
0.99–1.50 |
| Yap et al., 2012 (40) |
Scotland* |
15,188/6,299 |
45–64/35–64 |
ICD-9: 480-487, 490-496, 786.0, 786.2 |
606/174 |
1970–1979 |
19.3 (3.9)/23.2 (7.5) |
Smoking, BMI, social class, blood pressure |
1.26/0.97 |
1.02–1.55/0.79–1.18 |
| Total suspended particles |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cao et al., 2011 (19) | China | 70,947 | 40+ | ICD-9: “Respiratory” | 921 | 1991–2000 | 289 | Smoking, education, BMI, exercise | 1.00 | 0.99–1.03 |
Definition of abbreviations: BMI = body mass index; CI = confidence interval; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HR = hazard ratio; ICD = International Classification of Diseases; PM2.5 = particulate matter with a median aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm; PM10 = particulate matter with a median aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm; SES = socioeconomic status.
Where a study has produced multiple estimates over time (e.g. American Cancer Society), we have only included the most recent estimate.
*
Study included two separate cohorts, so both sets of results are included.
†
This was not a cohort study, and so relative risk is given.