Table 2. Bivariate COX Regression Analysis Of Predictors Of Intermediate And Long-Term All-Cause Mortality Following Vascular Surgery In Patients ≥ 40 Years Of Age.

Characteristic	Crude hazard ratio	95% CI	p-value
Pre-operative risk factors
Male gender	0.77	0.32–1.82	0.55
Age	1.02	0.97–1.07	0.40
History of smoking	0.96	0.40–2.28	0.92
Ischaemic heart disease	1.05	0.42–2.61	0.91
Congestive cardiac failure	0.05	0.0–89.0	0.68
Cerebrovascular accident	1.19	0.48–2.94	0.71
Diabetes	2.28	0.94–5.52	0.07
Hypertension	3.59	0.83–15.4	0.09
Creatinine > 180 μmol.l-1	1.87	0.43–8.06	0.40
Chronic medical therapy
Pre-operative chronic beta-blockade	0.83	0.32–2.13	0.69
Pre-operative statin therapy	0.94	0.34–2.56	0.90
Withdrawal of chronic beta-blockade	1.11	0.37–3.30	0.86
Surgical risk factors
Major vascular surgery	1.05	0.44–2.54	0.91
Surgery out of hours	0.77	0.10–5.75	0.80
Physiological data
Mean daily HR day before surgery	0.98	0.95–1.02	0.37
Mean daily HR day 3 postop	1.0	0.97–1.02	0.52
Mean daily SBP < 100 or > 179 mmHg	2.09	0.61–7.08	0.24

CI: confidence interval; SBP: systolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate.