Table 4. Summary of studies examining longitudinal changes in measures of muscle strength, physical performance, and body composition in men with prostate cancer treated with androgen deprivation therapy.

Study	Study design/Duration	Duration of ADT (month)	N	Age (y)	Intensity duration/volume, frequency	Groups	Outcome variables	% change from baseline	P between groups
Segal et al.,117 2003	RCT	12	82	68	Eight exercises	RT supervised	CP end (rep)	41%*	0.009
	12 weeks				12-RM, two sets, 3 days week−1		LP end (rep)	32%*	<0.001
		13	73	68		Control	CP end (rep)	−8%
							LP end (rep)	−4%
Carmack Taylor et al.,119 2006	RCT	32.7	35	69	Lifestyle physical activity, moderate intensity. Most day week−1	Physical activity	6-MWT	3%	Not
	26 weeks						BMI	−0.3%	significant
							Waist circumference	0.2%
			44			Education	6-MWT	4%
							BMI	3%
							Waist circumference	0.8%
			34			Usual care	6-MWT	4%
								0%
							BMI	0.3%
							Waist circumference
Galvao et al.,37 2006	UC20 weeks	≥2	10	70	10–12 exercises	RT supervised	1-RM (kg)a	79%*
					12-6 RM. 2–4 sets		Muscle end (rep)b	129%*
					2 days week−1		5× chair rise (s)	−27%*
							6-m walk usual (s)	−14%*
							6-m walk fast (s)	−6%
							6-m backward (s)	−22%*
							400-m walk (m s−1)	−7%*
							Stair climb (s)	−10%*
							Lean mass (kg)	−0.4%
							Fat mass (kg)	−0.0%
							% Fat	0.3%
Culos-Reed et al.,118 2007	UC	Not given	31	67	Intensity, duration, volume not reported	Home-based walking,	6-MWT (ft)	11%*
	12 weeks				3–5 days week−1	light RT plus biweekly group sessions	BMI	1%*
Hansen et al.,135 2009	Controlled pilot	Not given	5	66	Progressive	Eccentric AT supervised	Iso-KE, right	19%*	Not
	12 weeks				RPE 7–13		Iso-KE, left	8%	significant
					5–20 min		6-MWT	9%*
					3 days week−1		TUG	14%
							Thigh muscle volume, right	2%
							Thigh muscle volume, left	0.9%
		PCa-0	5	67			Iso-KE, right	15%
							Iso-KE, left	-1%
							6-MWT	5%
							TUG	13%
							Thigh muscle volume, right	2%
							Thigh muscle volume, left	3%*
Galvaoet al.,92 2010	RCT	18.2	29	70	10–12 exercises	RT and AT supervised	1-RM (kg)c	30%	0.018
	12 weeks				2–4 sets, 12-6 RM		Muscle end (rep)b	60%	<0.001
					Walk/cycle		5× chair rise (s)	−9%	0.074
					15–20 min		Stair climb	−4%	0.420
					65%–80% HRmax		6-m walk usual (s)	−6%	0.024
					11–13 RPE			−8%	0.187
					2 days week−1		6-m walk fast
							6-m walk backward	−22%	0.039
							400-m walk (m s−1)	−4%	0.080
							LBM	1%	0.047
							FM	−0.9%	0.964
							% Fat	−1%	0.366
		10.1	28	70		Control	1-RM (kg)c	5%
							Muscle end (rep)b	7%
							5× chair rise (s)	−2%
							6-m walk usual (s)	−2%
							6-m walk fast	−2%
							6-m walk backward	−5%
							400-m walk (m s−1)	−2%
							LBM	0%
							FM	1%
							% Fat	0.7%
Culos-Reed et al.,36 (2010)	RCT	≥9	53	67	Intensity, duration, volume not reported3–5 day week−1	Home-based	6-MWT (m)	4%	0.926
	16 weeks					RT+walking	BMI	−0.8%	0.225
							Waist circumference	−0.5%	0.044
			57	68	Control		6-MWT (m)	4%
							BMI	3%
							Waist circumference	2%

Abbreviations: CP, chest press; CP end, repetitions to failure using fixed 20 kg resistance; Iso-KE, isokinetic knee extension; LP, leg press; LP end, repetitions to failure using fixed 40 kg resistance; Muscle end, muscle endurance, repetitions to failure, using 70% baseline 1-RM; P, difference in change from baseline between groups; RM, repetition maximum; 1-RM, maximum amount of weight that can be lifted once; 6-RM, maximum of weight than be lifted six times only.

BMI, waist circumference or sum of four skinfolds; RCT, randomized controlled trial; TUG, timed up-and-go expressed in seconds; FM, fat mass; LBM, lean body mass.

^aMuscle strength by 1-RM—values are mean changes for chest press and leg press exercises.

^bMuscle endurance—mean of changes in chest press and leg press exercise.

^cMuscle strength by 1-RM—mean of changes for chest press, leg press and leg extension exercise.

^*P<0.05.