Table 1. Characteristics of five human prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines.

Cell lines	Origin 9	Differentiation marker 9	AR status 9	AR roles
LNCaP	Lymph node metastasis	CK5 (−) CK8 (+)	Mutant AR	In androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells: survival factor and stimulator 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17; In androgen-insensitive LNCaP cells: suppressor 22, 23, 24, 25, 26;
PC3	Bone metastasis	CK5 (+) CK8 (+)	Negative	In PC3-AR9 cells with natural AR promoter: mild stimulator of in vitro growth 35, suppressor of in vivo growth 38, suppressor of in vitro and in vivo metastasis 38; In PC3-AR cells with unnatural AR promoter, suppressor of in vivo and in vitro growth 33, 34, 35, 36, 37;
DU145	Brain metastasis	CK5 (+) CK8 (+)	Negative	Scaccianoce et al. 44 reported inactivated AR functioning as suppressor in DU145-AR-cell proliferation, but restored by treatment with testosterone; Litvinov et al. 33 reported that AR in DU145- AR cells had no effect on cell growth in the presence or absence of androgens; Suppressor of in vitro metastasis 45, 46;
CWR22Rv1	Xenograft from human prostate primary tumor	CK5 (−) CK8 (+)	Mutant AR	Stimulator of in vitro growth 47, 50; Suppressor of in vivo growth (Chang et al., in preparation); Suppressor of in vitro 38 metastasis; Suppressor of in vivo metastasis (Chang et al., in preparation);
PC346C	Xenograft from human prostate primary tumor	CK5 (−) CK8 (+)	Wild-type AR	Stimulator in PC346C parental cells 54; Unresponsive in PC346DCC cells 54; Suppressor in PC346-Flu1 cells 54; Stimulator in PC346Flu2 cells; (hydroxyflutamide also be stimulator) 54.

Abbreviation: AR, androgen receptor.