Table 1.

Neuroendocrine status in depressed patients without and with a history of early life adversity.

	MD	Reference	MD + ELA	Reference
CRH	↑	Nemeroff et al. (139)	↑	Carpenter et al. (140)
	↑	Raadsheer et al. (141)
	↑	Wang et al. (142)
Cortisol	↑	Sachar et al. (143)	↓	Shea et al. (144)
	↑	Holsboer et al. (145)	↓	Heim et al. (146)
	↑	Holsboer et al. (147)	↑	Gerra et al. (148)
	↑	Wingenfeld et al. (149)	=	Heim et al. (150)
	↑	Carvalho Fernando et al. (151)	↑	Power et al. (152)
	↑	Hinkelmann et al. (153)
	↑	Messerli-Bürgy et al. (154)
	↑	Yilmaz et al. (155)
DST	Cortisol ↑	Carroll et al. (156)	ACTH ↓cortisol ↓	Newport et al. (157)
	ACTH ↑ cortisol ↑	Modell et al. (158)
	Cortisol ↑	Carvalho Fernando et al. (151)
CST	ACTH ↑	Holsboer et al. (147)	ACTH ↓cortisol ↓	Heim et al. (146)
	ACTH ↓	Heim et al. (146)	Cortisol ↑	Heim et al. (150)

MD, major depression; ELA, early life adversity; DST, dexamethasone suppression test; CST, corticotrophin-releasing hormone stimulation test; ACTH, adrenocorticotrophin hormone.