Table 2.

Neuroendocrine status in PTSD patients without and with a history of early life adversity and in healthy controls exposed to early life adversity.

	PTSD	Reference	ELA	Reference
CRH	↑	Bremner et al. (159)	↑	Lee et al. (160)
	↑	Baker et al. (161)
	↑	de Kloet et al. (162)
Cortisol	↑ → ↓ Ch	Pervanidou et al. (60)	↓ Ch	Carlson and Earls (163)
	↓ ELA	Bremner et al. (164)	↓ Ch	King et al. (165)
	↓ ELA	Brand et al. (166)	↓ Ch	Kliewer (167)
	↓	Yehuda et al. (168)	↓ Ch	Bevans et al. (169)
	↓	Boscarino (170)	↓ Ch	Badanes et al. (171)
	↓	Yehuda et al. (172)	↓ Ch	Hauser et al. (173)
	↓	Thaller et al. (174)	≈Ch	Bruce et al. (57)
	↓	Rohleder et al. (175)	↑ Ch → ↓	Trickett et al. (59)
	↓	Bierer et al. (176)	↓	Resnick et al. (61)
	↓	Brand et al. (177)	↓	Brewer-Smyth and Burgess (178)
	↓	Wingenfeld et al. (149)	↓	Flory et al. (179)
	↓ RF	Resnick et al. (61)	↓	Power et al. (152)
	↓ RF	McFarlane et al. (62)	≈Ad	Weissbecker et al. (180)
	↓ RF	Delahanty et al. (63)	≈Ad	van der Vegt et al. (181)
GR-r	↑	Yehuda et al. (182)	↑	Heim et al. (146)
	↑	Yehuda et al. (183)
	↑	Yehuda et al. (184)
DST	Cortisol ↓	Yehuda et al. (183)	Cortisol ↓ Ch	Goenjian et al. (58)
	ACTH ↓ ELA	Duval et al. (185)	Cortisol ↓	Stein et al. (186)
	ACTH ↓ cortisol ↓	Yehuda et al. (187)	Cortisol ↓	Heim et al. (188)
	ACTH ↓	Ströhle et al. (189)
CST	ACTH ↓ cortisol ↓	Ströhle et al. (189)	Cortisol ↑	Heim et al. (188)
			Cortisol ↓	Carpenter et al. (190)
			ACTH ↑	Heim et al. (146)

PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; ELA, early life adversity; GR-r, glucocorticoid receptor reactivity; DST, dexamethasone suppression test; CST, corticotrophin-releasing hormone stimulation test; ACTH, adrenocorticotrophin hormone. Indices are; RF, risk factor for PTSD; Ch, children; ≈Ch or ≈Ad, flattened diurnal cortisol in children or adults.