Table 4. Maternal plasma LPL and hormone levels during and after pregnancy according to WHO BMI category.
Mean (standard deviation) are shown.
T1 – trimester 1 [12.5 (1.2) weeks]; T2 – trimester 2 [26.1 (1.3) weeks], T3 – trimester 3 [35.5 (1.3) weeks]; PN – postnatal [17.1 (2.9) weeks post delivery]. P Time for association of lipid/lipoprotein parameters over time, P BMI for association with BMI category and P Time*BMI for the interaction between Time and BMI, using a univariate split-plot approach repeated measures analysis. Where the interaction between Time and BMI was significant (P<0.05), one way ANOVA and Tukey Kramer post-hoc tests were conducted. Different superscript letters indicate differences between BMI categories at a particular time point using post hoc Tukey test. Statistical analysis carried out on *log or #square root transformed data.
| Time of sampling |
Normal weight |
Overweight | Obese | P Time |
P BMI |
P Time * BMI |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lipoprotein lipase mass* (ng/mL) |
T1 | 43 (16) | 32 (10) | 35 (14) | <0.001 | 0.14 | 0.32 |
| T2 | 29 (12) | 22 (8) | 21 (8) | ||||
| T3 | 23 (11) | 19 (5) | 21 (7) | ||||
| PN | 46 (11) | 47 (11) | 45 (14) | ||||
|
| |||||||
| Estradiol# (ng/mL) |
T1 | 3.1 (1.8) | 2.8 (1.4) | 2.5 (1.4) | <0.001 | 0.017 | 0.023 |
| T2 | 12.2 (4.0)a | 10.0 (3.3)a,b | 8.4 (3.3)b | ||||
| T3 | 20.0 (13.6)a | 13.4 (3.1)a,b | 11.5 (3.2)b | ||||
| PN | 0.05 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.11 (0.21) | ||||
| SHBG (mmol/L) |
T1 | 221 (38) | 218 (34) | 191 (36) | <0.001 | 0.038 | 0.23 |
| T2 | 309 (99) | 251 (33) | 252 (63) | ||||
| T3 | 285 (66) | 259 (23) | 253 (26) | ||||
| PN | 59 (27) | 54 (11) | 68 (52) | ||||
|
| |||||||
| Insulin* (mU/L) |
T1 | 16 (7) | 20 (23) | 25 (22) | <0.001 | 0.17 | 0.85 |
| T2 | 32 (29) | 38 (26) | 58 (41) | ||||
| T3 | 54 (46) | 44 (45) | 48 (29) | ||||
| PN | 19 (12) | 31 (52) | 27 (18) | ||||
| Glucose* (mmol/L) |
T1 | 4.0 (0.9) | 4.8 (1.1) | 5.0 (0.7) | <0.001 | 0.038 | 0.069 |
| T2 | 4.6 (0.7) | 5.5 (1.2) | 5.6 (1.2) | ||||
| T3 | 5.2 (0.8) | 5.2 (0.9) | 5.4 (1.2) | ||||
| PN | 5.2 (1.0) | 5.3 (0.7) | 5.4 (0.6) | ||||
| HOMA* | T1 | 2.9 (1.6) | 5.0 (0.3) | 6.0 (1.0) | <0.001 | 0.12 | 0.77 |
| T2 | 6.8 (5.9) | 10.5 (10.0) | 15.4 (11.6) | ||||
| T3 | 14 (13) | 11 (14) | 13 (11) | ||||
| PN | 4.5 (3.7) | 7.4 (11.9) | 6.9 (5.1) | ||||
| Leptin* (ng/mL) |
T1 | 12 (5)a | 18 (6)b | 40 (13)c | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.010 |
| T2 | 17 (12)a | 22 (10)a | 44 (20)b | ||||
| T3 | 18 (18)a | 24 (14)a | 43 (21)b | ||||
| PN | 12 (8)a | 11 (5)a | 39 (14)b | ||||
| Adiponectin* (ug/mL) |
T1 | 10.9 (3.1) | 10.2 (2.5) | 7.6 (3.4) | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.42 |
| T2 | 9.3 (3.2) | 8.3 (2.4) | 6.3 (2.8) | ||||
| T3 | 9.1 (3.4) | 8.0 (2.4) | 6.8 (2.3) | ||||
| PN | 10.1 (5.0) | 8.2 (1.7) | 6.5 (2.8) | ||||