Table 4.

Selected renal arteriovenous metabolite gradients

Metabolite	Mean V/A	P Value	Patient
			1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Metabolites associated with incident CKD in FHS
Xanthosine	0.45	6.7 × 10−5	0.37	0.35	0.27	0.51	0.56	0.70	0.31	0.32	0.62
β-aminoisobutyric acid	0.50	4.0 × 10−6	0.56	0.39	0.40	0.57	0.47	0.69	0.44	0.42	0.55
Choline	0.58	1.4 × 10−4	0.46	0.46	0.44	0.75	0.75	0.75	0.43	0.47	0.67
Kynurenic acid	0.59	7.0 × 10−5	0.61	0.39	0.82	0.49	0.69	0.53	0.55	0.55	0.69
Citrulline	0.65	9.0 × 10−6	0.55	0.66	0.63	0.58	0.74	0.75	0.52	0.74	0.68
Aconitate	0.70	9.9 × 10−5	0.67	0.60	0.60	0.55	0.78	0.85	0.69	0.85	0.71
Kynurenine	0.70	3.1 × 10−5	0.82	0.56	0.72	0.63	0.71	0.85	0.65	0.65	0.73
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid	0.71	9.3 × 10−4	0.98	0.63	0.82	0.73	0.62	0.85	0.48	0.65	0.67
Adenosine	0.73	2.8 × 10−2	0.77	0.49	0.43	0.42	1.00	0.40	0.70	1.70	0.67
Isocitrate	0.81	4.0 × 10−5	0.85	0.77	0.74	0.79	0.91	0.87	0.78	0.73	0.86
Inositol	0.83	4.5 × 10−3	0.76	0.70	0.75	0.69	0.94	0.81	0.81	0.84	1.13
Trimethylamine-N-oxide	0.85	4.9 × 10−3	0.87	0.84	0.92	0.90	0.95	0.79	0.63	0.96	0.82
Quinolinic acid	0.86	3.1 × 10−3	0.84	0.86	0.97	0.83	1.08	0.79	0.84	0.76	0.83
LPC18:1	0.97	1.9 × 10−1	0.96	1.02	1.03	0.92	0.98	0.86	1.00	1.06	0.93
LPC18:2	0.99	6.6 × 10−1	0.97	1.03	0.95	0.92	0.96	0.84	0.99	1.10	0.93
Sucrose	1.00	5.5 × 10−1	0.79	0.70	1.08	0.43	0.86	1.30	0.83	0.88	2.10
Metabolites that undergo net release by the kidney
Serine	1.53	4.6 × 10−4	1.26	1.49	1.48	2.04	1.48	1.07	1.99	1.26	1.73
α-glycerophosphocholine	1.24	6.5 × 10−3	1.05	1.16	1.57	1.24	1.64	1.08	1.10	1.22	1.07
Arginine	1.20	9.6 × 10−4	1.11	1.15	1.53	1.25	1.17	1.22	1.14	1.19	1.06
Niacinamide	1.17	2.9 × 10−3	1.07	1.24	1.16	1.44	1.27	1.15	1.00	1.14	1.07
Alanine	1.16	1.4 × 10−4	1.23	1.03	1.09	1.23	1.11	1.16	1.24	1.16	1.23
Threonine	1.11	3.1 × 10−4	1.12	1.07	1.09	1.25	1.08	1.06	1.14	1.07	1.11
Serine	1.53	4.6 × 10−4	1.26	1.49	1.48	2.04	1.48	1.07	1.99	1.26	1.73

LPC, lysophosphatidylcholine.