Table 2.
Characteristics of the participants and associations with non-use of modern contraception
| Characteristics | Weighted percentage (95% CI) | Association with non-use of contraception |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||
| Total sample (n=2439) |
Using contraception (n=544) |
Not using contraception (n=1895) |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) a |
|
| Age, y | |||||
| 20–24 | 69.0 (66.0–71.9) | 78.5 (74.3–82.8) | 66.5 (62.8–70.1) | – | – |
| 18–19 | 20.8 (18.3–23.2) | 16.8 (13.0–20.5) | 21.8 (18.8–24.9) | 1.5 (1.1–2.2) | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) |
| 15–17 | 10.3 (8.6–12.0) | 4.7 (2.8–6.6) | 11.7 (9.7–13.8) | 2.9 (1.8–4.8) | 0.8 (0.4–1.4) |
| Parity | |||||
| ≥3 | 7.7 (6.3–9.2) | 14.2 (9.7–18.6) | 6.0 (4.7–7.4) | – | – |
| 2 | 20.6 (18.3–23.0) | 31.0 (24.7–37.2) | 17.9 (15.6–20.3) | 1.4 (0.8–2.2) | 1.6 (0.96–2.6) |
| 1 | 39.2 (36.4–42.0) | 42.6 (37.2–48.1) | 38.3 (35.1–41.4) | 2.1 (1.4– 3.2) | 2.8 (1.7–4.5) |
| 0 | 32.5 (30.1–34.8) | 12.3 (8.9–15.6) | 37.8 (35.0–40.6) | 7.2 (4.5–11.7) | 8.6 (4.7–15.8) |
| Region | |||||
| Central | 33.2 (29.9–36.6) | 37.3 (32.1–42.4) | 32.2 (27.9–36.4) | – | – |
| Eastern | 22.8 (20.4–25.2) | 19.8 (15.8–23.9) | 23.6 (20.8–26.3) | 1.4 (0.95–2.0) | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) |
| Western | 23.8 (21.3–26.2) | 19.0 (14.8–23.2) | 25.0 (22.0–28.0) | 1.5 (1.01–2.3) | 1.4 (0.9–2.1) |
| Mid-western | 11.6 (10.4–12.8) | 12.8 (9.9–15.7) | 11.3 (9.9–12.8) | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) |
| Far western | 8.6 (7.6–9.6) | 11.1 (7.7–14.4) | 7.9 (6.9–9.0) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) |
| Ecologic zone | |||||
| Terai (plains) | 55.9 (53.0–58.8) | 58.7 (4.9–8.1) | 55.1 (51.5–58.7) | – | – |
| Hill | 37.4 (34.7–40.1) | 34.7 (30.1–39.3) | 38.1 (34.7–41.5) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) |
| Mountain | 6.7 (6.0–7.5) | 6.5 (4.9–8.1) | 6.8 (5.9–7.7) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) |
| Religion | |||||
| Hindu | 84.8 (80.5–89.0) | 84.9 (80.2–89.6) | 84.7 (79.9–89.5) | – | – |
| Other | 15.2 (11.0–19.5) | 15.1 (10.4–19.8) | 15.3 (10.5–20.1) | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | 1.0 (0.6–1.7) |
| Social inequity indicators | |||||
| Wealth quintile | |||||
| Richest | 17.3 (14.1–20.5) | 18.5 (14.2–22.8) | 13.2 (10.2–16.3) | – | – |
| Richer | 20.9 (18.0–23.9) | 24.4 (19.3–29.6) | 22.7 (19.1–26.3) | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) | 1.2 (0.8–.9) |
| Middle | 24.4 (20.9–27.9) | 23.1 (18.1–28.0) | 24.7 (20.8–28.7) | 1.5 (1.0–2.2) | 1.4 (0.9–2.2) |
| Poorer | 20.9 (18.0–23.9) | 19.2 (14.3–24.1) | 21.4 (18.2–24.5) | 1.6 (1.1–2.3) | 1.4 (0.9–2.4) |
| Poorest | 17.3 (14.1–20.5) | 14.8 (10.7–18.9) | 17.9 (14.3–21.6) | 1.7 (1.1–2.6) | 1.7 (0.97–2.9) |
| Education | |||||
| Higher | 7.2 (5.6–8.7) | 6.7 (4.3–9.1) | 7.2 (5.5–9.1) | – | – |
| Secondary | 43.0 (38.9–47.1) | 44.1 (38.2–50.0) | 42.7 (38.3–47.1) | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) |
| Primary | 23.0 (20.1–26.0) | 22.3 (16.6–28.1) | 23.2 (20.3–26.2) | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) |
| No formal | 26.8 (22.1–31.4) | 26.9 (21.7–32.0) | 26.8 (21.6–32.0) | 0.9 (0.6–1.5) | 1.3 (0.7–2.4) |
| Residence | |||||
| Urban | 9.9 (8.9–1.0) | 15.1 (12.5–17.8) | 8.6 (7.3–9.8) | – | – |
| Rural | 90.1 (89.0–91.1) | 84.9 (82.2–87.5) | 91.4 (90.2–92.7) | 1.9 (1.4–2.5) | 1.8 (1.3–2.5) |
| Caste b | |||||
| Non-Dalit | 81.0 (77.1–84.9) | 83.9 (79.7–88.2) | 80.2 (75.7–84.8) | – | – |
| Dalit | 19.0 (15.1–22.9) | 16.1 (11.8–20.3) | 19.8 (15.2–24.3) | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) | 1.1 (0.7–1.7) |
| Gender inequity indicators | |||||
| Age at marriage | |||||
| ≥18 y | 37.7 (34.4–41.0) | 35.8 (29.9–41.7) | 38.1 (34.7–41.6) | – | – |
| <18 y | 62.3 (59.0–65.6) | 64.2 (58.3–70.1) | 61.9 (58.4–65.3) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 1.4 (1.02–1.9) |
| Spousal age gap | |||||
| Husband <10 y older | 90.9 (89.2–92.5) | 90.5 (86.8–94.1) | 91.0 (89.2–92.7) | – | – |
| Husband ≥10 y older | 9.1 (7.5–10.8) | 9.5 (5.9–13.2) | 9.0 (7.3–10.8) | 0.9 (0.6–1.5) | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) |
| Spousal education gap b | |||||
| No difference | 25.4 (22.8–28.1) | 25.5 (20.3–30.7) | 25.4 (22.5–28.3) | – | – |
| Husband more educated |
55.1 (52.5–57.7) | 55.2 (50.1–60.3) | 55.1 (52.2–58.0) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) |
| Wife more educated | 19.5 (17.1–21.8) | 19.3 (15.3–23.3) | 19.5 (16.9–22.1) | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) |
| Primary independent variable |
|||||
| No living sons | 41.6 (39.0–44.2) | 62.8 (57.6–68.0) | 36.0 (33.1–38.9) | – | – |
| Living sons | 58.4 (55.8–61.0) | 37.2 (32.0–42.4) | 64.0 (61.1–67.0) | 3.0 (2.3–3.9) | 1.6 (1.2– 2.2) |
a
Adjusted for all variables shown in the table.
b
Data on caste were available for only 2430 participants; data on the spousal education gap (i.e., data for both husband and wife) were available for only 2428 participants.