Fig. 27.1.

Tyrosine kinase (TYK) targeting growth factor and proliferation pathways. Regulation of endothelial cell functions (migration, proliferation, vascular permeability, remodeling) is determined by the activity of protein kinases on the endothelium. Growth factor, angiogenesis/proliferation, and integrin pathways lead to a chain of events that ultimately produce changes in vascular permeability or remodeling. Thus, modulation with therapeutic agents such as statins and sorafenib corresponds to protein tyrosine kinase (PTK), which inhibits the RAS/RAF-1/MAPK pathway, and vascular endothelium growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) (KDR) blocker prevents vascular remodeling and proliferation. Statins have also been shown to modulate integrin signaling and VEFGR pathways to ultimately affect vascular function