Table 1.
HIV Interventions that Address Culture*
| Target Sample |
Sexual Orientat ion (SO) and/or Gender |
HIV/A IDS Preven tion or Risk Reduct ion Focus |
Criteri a of Releva nce |
Criteria of Methodol ogical Rigor |
Theory -Based |
Culture as a Mediato r, Moderat or, or Outcom e Variable |
Assess ment of Ethnicit y |
Assess ment of Langua ge |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HETEROSEXUAL | |||||||||
| DeMarco et al. (2009) | Inner- city Boston; 47% White, 26% African America n, 10% Latino or Hispanic , 2% Caribbea n Black, 12% Bi- or Multiraci al, .8% Cape Verdean, .8% Haitian, 2% Other |
100% women; SO not specified |
Yes | Yes | Pre/Post (not random) |
No | Mention ed culture (specific ), not assessed |
Not assessed /mentio ned |
Not assessed , English only (specifie d) |
| Diallo et al. (2010) | 100% Black (African America n, African, or Caribbea n) |
SO not specified ; 100% women |
Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Mention ed culture (specific ), not assessed |
Not assessed (reporte d as self- identifie d_ |
Not assessed , English only (specifie d) |
| DiClemente & Wingood. (1995) | African America n women 100% African America n |
SO-Not Targeted 100% Female |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Social Cogniti ve Theory; Theory of Gender and Power |
Culturall y and gender tailored intervent ions are stressed |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
| Harvey et al, (2004) | Hispanic couples 100% Hispanic |
Heterose xual Couples 50% Male 50% Female |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Integrat ed Behavi oral Change and IMB |
Mediator | Not assessed and/ or reported |
Predomi nantly Spanish |
| Hobfoll, Jackson, Lavin, et al. (2002) | Inner City Women 55% African America n 42% White 3% other |
SO-Not Targeted 100% Female |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Social Cogniti ve Theory |
Cultural sensitivit y is stressed |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
| Jemmott & Jemmott. (1992) | Inner City Black Adolesce nt Females 100% Black |
SO-Not Targeted 100% Female |
Yes | Yes | Not Random- Pre/Post Test |
Social Cogniti ve Theory |
Cultural sensitivit y is stressed |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
| Jemmott, Jemmott, et al. (1992) | Inner City Black Adolesce nt Females 100% Black |
SO-Not Targeted 100% Female |
Yes | Yes | No | Social Cogniti ve Theory |
Cultural sensitivit y is stressed |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
| Kalichman, et al. (1993) | Urban African America n Women 100% African America n |
SO-Not Targeted 100% Female |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Utilized health services videota pes |
Mediator (reports intervent ion as culturall y tailored) |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
| Kalichman, Rompa & Coley. (1996) | Inner- City African America n Women 100% African America n |
SO-Not Targeted 100% Female |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Social Learnin g & Cogniti ve Behavi or |
Need for culturespecific intervent ions is expresse d |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
| Malow et al. (2009) | 100% Haitian; Adolesce nts; Little Haiti, Miami |
SO not specified ; 70% Women, 30% Men |
Yes | Yes | Yes | IMB Model; BART (Cognit ive Behavi or Risk- Reducti on) |
Mention ed/define d culture (specific ), not assessed |
Not assessed and/or reported |
Not assessed and/or reported |
| Nyamathi, Leake, Flaskerud, Lewis & Bennett. (1993) | Impoveri sh African America n and Latina Women 81% African America n 19%Lati na |
SO-Not Targeted 100% Female |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Compre hensive Health Seeking & Coping Paradig m |
Defines cultural sensitivit y |
Ethnical ly matched intervie wers |
Bilingua l- Spanish |
| O’Donnell, O’Donnell, et al. (1998) | African America n & Hispanic Men attending an STD clinic 62% African America n 38% Hispanic |
SO-Not Targeted 100% Male |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Utilized Healthy People 2000 |
Mediator (reports intervent ion as culturall y appropri ate) |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
Not Assesse d Bilingua l- Spanish |
| Peragallo N et al (2005) | Latina Women 85% Mexican 15% Puerto Rican |
SO-Not Targeted 100% Female |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Social Cogniti ve Theory |
Mediator | Yes | Yes |
| Williams et al.(2008) | HIV positive; African America n, Latino |
MSM and 59% MSMW; 100% male; 58% selfidentifie d homosex ual/gay, 29% bisexual, 9% straight/ heterose xual, 4% undecide d/not defined |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Social Learnin g Theory |
Assessed (culturall y congruen t social context) |
Not assessed (reporte d as selfidentifie d) |
Not assessed , English only (specifie d) |
| Wingood et al (2004) | HIV– positive Women 84.2% African America n |
SO-Not Targeted 100% Female |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Social Cogniti ve Theory and Theory of Gender and Power |
Culturall y and gender tailored intervent ions are stressed |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
| Wyatt GE et al. (2004) | Ethnicall y diverse women with histories of childhoo d sexual abuse. 54% African America n 6% White 40% Latina |
SO-Not Targeted Female 100% |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Treatm ent Engage ment Model |
Mediator | Not assessed and/ or reported |
Yes |
| DRUG USE | |||||||||
| Braithwaite et al. (2005) | Soon-tobe released Male Inmates 69% African America n 26% White 5% Hispanic |
SO-Not Targeted 100% Incarcera ted Males |
Yes | Y es |
Ye s |
Social Cognitive Theory |
Not Assessed |
Yes | Not assessed and/ or reported |
| Nobles et al. (2009) | 100% African America n |
100% Women; SO not assessed and/or reported |
Yes | Y es |
Pr e/P ost (n ot ran do m) |
No | Mention ed as a core of intervent ion, not necessari ly assessed |
Not assessed/me ntioned |
Not assessed and/or reported |
| Robles et al. (2004) | Hispanic Injection Drug Users 100% Hispanic |
SO-Not Targeted 89% Male 11% Female |
Yes | Y es |
Ye s |
Miller’s Motivational Interviewing |
Not Assessed |
Yes | Not assessed and/ or reported |
| Shoptaw et al. (2005) | Gay and Bisexual Men (GBM) 80% White 13% Hispanic 2.5% African America n 3% Asian America n 1% Native America n |
Gay and Bisexual 100% Male |
Yes | Y es |
Ye s |
Cognitive Behavioral Treatment (CBT), Contingency Management, and Gay-specific CBT |
Mediator - Culture was defined as gay culture and was incorpor ated in one treatmen t conditio n |
Randomizat ion balanced by ethnicity |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
| Sterk, Theall, & Elifson (2003) | African America n Female Drug Users 100% African America n |
Heterose xually Active 100% Female |
Yes | Y es |
Ye s |
Social Cognitive; Reasoned Action; Planned Behavior; Transtheoretical; Gender and Power |
Reports intervent ion as being culturall y specific |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
| Sterk, Theall, Elifson, & Kidder (2003) | African America n Female Injection Drug Users 100% African America n |
Heterose xually Active 100% Female |
Yes | Y es |
Ye s |
Social Cognitive; Reasoned Action; Planned Behavior; Transtheoretical; Gender and Power |
Reports intervent ion as being culturall y specific |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
| Sterk, Theall, & Elifson (2006) | African America n Female Drug Users 100% African America n |
Heterose xually Active 100% Female |
Yes | Y es |
Ye s |
Social Cognitive Theory, Reasoned Action, Planned Behavior, Transtheroetical Model, Theory of Gender and Power |
Reports intervent ion as being culturall y specific |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
| Wechsberg (2004) | African America n Female Crack Users 100% African America n |
SO-Not Targeted 100% Female |
Yes | Y es |
Ye s |
NIDA HIV Prevention Intervention |
Mediator | Not assessed and/ or reported |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
| SAME SEX | |||||||||
| Bull et al. (2004) | Men who have sex with men |
Men who have sex with men 100% Male |
Yes | Y es |
Ye s |
CDC’s AIDS Community Demonstration Projects |
Not Assessed |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
| Carballo-Dieguez et al. (2005) | Latino Gay and Bisexual Men (LGBM) 100% Latino |
Gay and Bisexual 100% Male |
Yes | Y es |
Ye s |
Empowerment Theory & Freire’s Pedagogy of the Oppressed (Empowerment Theory) |
Mediator - reports curriculu m was culturall y based |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
Yes |
| Choi et al. (1996) | Asian/ Pacific Islander (API) men who have sex with men (MSM) and Drug Using 100% API |
Men who have sex with men (MSM) 100% Male |
Yes | Y es |
Ye s |
Theory of Reasoned Action, Health Belief Model, Social Cognitive |
Mediator - reports culturall y tailored skills for API MSM with a culturall y appropri ate curriculu m |
Yes 37% Chinese 34% Filipino 10% Japanese 8% Vietnamese 11% Other |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
| Patterson, Shaw, & Semple (2003) | HIV- positive Individu als 65% White 15% African America n 12% Hispanic 8% Other |
SO-Not Targeted but assessed 91% Male 9% Female 85% Gay or Bisexual |
Yes | Y es |
Ye s |
Social Cognitive Theory |
Not Assessed |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
| Peterson et al (1996) | African America n Gay and Bisexual Men 100% African America n |
Men who have sex with men 100% Male |
Yes | Y es |
Ye s |
AIDS Risk Reduction Model (ARRM) |
Mediator - reports intervent ions as culturall y tailored |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
| Rhodes (2004) | Men who have sex with men 70.2% White 11.3% Mixed 9.9% African America n 6.6% Latino 1.9 Native/A boriginal |
Men who have sex with men 100% Male |
Yes | Y es |
No | No | Not Assessed |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
| Wilton et al. (2009) | MSM; 100% Black/Af rican America n |
78.1% selfidentifie d as gay/hom osexual, 18.3% bisexual, 1.2% heterose xual/strai ght, 2.4% unsure; 100% Men |
Yes | Y es |
Ye s |
Behavior Changes Theory, Social Cognitive Theory, Behavioral Skills Acquisition Model, Transtheoretical Model and Decisional Balance Model |
Mention ed as a target of intervent ion, not necessari ly assessed |
Not assessed/me ntioned |
Not assessed and/or reported |
| Wolitski et al. (2005) | HIV- positive Gay and Bisexual Men 50.6% White 23.1% African America n 17.4% Hispanic /Latino 1.1% Native America n 1.1% Asian/Pa cific Islander 6.7% Mixed/O ther |
Men who have sex with men 100% Male |
Yes | Y es |
No | Behavioral Theory |
Not Assessed |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
| TRANSGENDER | |||||||||
| Bockting, Rosser, & Coleman (2005) | Transgen dered Individu als |
SO-Not Targeted 100% Transgen der (maletofemale & femaleto- male) |
Yes | Y es |
No | Sexual Health Model |
Not Assessed |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
| Nemoto et al. (2005) | Transgen dered Individu als SO-Not Targeted |
100% Transgen der (maletofemale) |
Yes | Y es |
No | No | Not Assessed |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
Not assessed and/ or reported |
*
This review was conducted in Los Angeles, California between 2003 and 2010.