Table 2.
Results of GEE Logistic Regression Model of Depressive Symptoms Using Network Member as Unit of Analysis (N = 1.558) (Unity in Diversity: Baltimore, Maryland 2006 – 2009)
| OR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| Index characteristics | ||
| Age | 0.99 (0.96, 1.03) | |
| Education: at least college, associates or technical degree | 0.88 (0.38, 2.04) | |
| Currently working full-time/part-time | 1.20 (0.45, 3.22) | |
| Last year income more than $10,000 | 1.27 (0.55, 2.93) | |
| HIV-positive | 2.39 (1.04, 5.51)* | 2.35 (1.03, 5.39)* |
| Having used drugs during the past 3 months | 1.64 (0.70, 3.83) | |
| Network characteristics | ||
| Age | ||
| African American | 0.40 (0.14, 1.10)+ | 0.42 (0.16, 1.13)+ |
| Male | 0.99 (0.75, 1.31) | |
| HIV positive | 0.77 (0.40, 1.47) | |
| Having used drugs during the past 3 months | 1.49 (0.90, 2.47) | |
| Relationship: | ||
| Nonkin | Reference | |
| Kin | 0.82 (0.55, 1.22) | |
| Partners | 0.65 (0.31, 1.36) | |
| Ref. no emotional support | ||
| Emotional support by nonkin | 0.95 (0.63, 1.43) | 0.90 (0.54, 1.48) |
| Emotional support by kin | 0.33 (0.15, 0.71)** | 0.28 (0.11, 0.68)** |
| Emotional support by partner | 0.31 (0.11, 0.83)* | 0.27 (0.10, 0.79)* |
| Overall effect by providing emotional supporta | 0.63 (0.44, 0.90)* | 0.74 (0.62, 0.87)*** |
| Ref. no instrumental assistance | ||
| Instrumental assistance by nonkin | 1.19 (0.67, 2.11) | |
| Instrumental assistance by kin | 0.87 (0.45, 1.68) | |
| Instrumental assistance by partner | 0.83 (0.38, 1.77) | |
| Overall effect by providing instrumental assistancea | 0.99 (0.69, 1.42) | |
| Ref. no financial support | ||
| Financial support by nonkin | 1.77 (1.05, 2.98)* | 1.77 (1.01, 3.11)* |
| Financial support by kin | 1.09 (0.67, 1.76) | 1.98 (1.00, 3.92)* |
| Financial support by partner | 1.30 (0.55, 3.06) | 2.17 (0.76, 6.20) |
| Overall effect by providing financial supporta | 1.38 (1.05, 1.82)* | 1.34 (1.13, 1.60)** |
| Ref. no social participation | ||
| Social participation with nonkin | 0.77 (0.49, 1.20) | |
| Social participation with kin | 0.91 (0.39, 2.16) | |
| Social participation with partner | 0.71 (0.34, 1.48) | |
| Overall effect by providing social participationa | 0.78 (0.55, 1.11) | |
| Ref. no emergency support | ||
| Emergency support by nonkin | 0.87 (0.57, 1.34) | 0.80 (0.48, 1.33) |
| Emergency support by kin | 0.68 (0.40, 1.14) | 0.81 (0.40, 1.65) |
| Emergency support by partner | 0.36 (0.14, 0.92)* | 0.41 (0.13, 1.24) |
| Overall effect by providing emergency supporta | 0.72 (0.50, 1.03)+ | 0.86 (0.72, 1.04) |
Note. GEE = generalized estimating equations; OR = Odds Ratio; AOR = Adjusted Odds Ratio.
a
In the unadjusted model, it represents the odds ratio of proving certain social support without specifying the relationship of the network. In the adjusted model, it represents the odd ratio for linear combinations of coefficients of social support by each relationship.
+
p < .10.
*
p < .05.
**
p > .01.
***
p < .001.