Table 2.
Plantar pressure results – mean (SD)
| Barefoot | Round | Square | Point | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean peak pressure (N/cm2) |
|
|
|
|
|
| Heel – medial |
19.29(7.42)§ |
23.81(9.56)§ |
22.47(11.09)§ |
38.36(8.24) |
0.000* |
| Heel – lateral |
16.71(5.14)ठ|
17.45(7.08)ठ|
24.9(7.45)†§ |
32.21(7.92)†‡ |
0.000* |
| Midfoot |
8.35(5.36)†§ |
6.75(2.49) |
8.29(4.01) |
3.28(1.87) |
0.000* |
| Metatarsal head 1 |
19.06(8.54)†‡§ |
17.98(6.53) |
15.05(5.93) |
10.01(6.49) |
0.000* |
| Metatarsal head 2 |
18.11(10.97) |
18.89(10.23) |
20.06(7.79) |
21.79(8.23) |
0.195* |
| Metatarsal head 3 |
17.16(9.3)†§ |
18.85(11.7) |
19.47(6.31) |
24.06(10.61) |
0.005* |
| Metatarsal head 4 |
17.79(7.57)†§ |
23.99(12.99)ठ|
11.6(4)†§ |
14.32(5.84)†‡ |
0.000* |
| Metatarsal head 5 |
7.53(6.14)ठ|
16.67(12.74)ठ|
9.28(4.97) |
5.41(2.99) |
0.000* |
| Toe 1 |
24.4(18.8) |
24.66(15.35) |
12.27(6.28)§ |
10.77(6.04) |
0.000** |
| Toes 2-5 |
11.53(15.45)ठ|
15.78(15.09) |
5.92(7.37)†§ |
2.63(2.48) |
0.000** |
| Mean time to peak pressure (ms) |
|
|
|
|
|
| Heel – medial |
136.29(31.59) |
139.4(97.94) |
133.5(75.69) |
115.63(64.6)†§ |
0.000* |
| Heel – lateral |
126.71(41.41)ठ|
129.67(62.78)ठ|
144.91(85.3)†§ |
140.23(68.54)†‡ |
0.000* |
| Midfoot |
234.9(63.92)†‡ |
290.98(97.43) |
320.67(83.24) |
234.51(66.64) |
0.000* |
| Metatarsal head 1 |
490.82(139.71)†‡ |
524.37(113.83) |
512.25(67.26) |
486.85(51.09) |
0.000* |
| Metatarsal head 2 |
516.9(109.73) |
515.53(109.21) |
517.72(61.9) |
517.59(45.53) |
0.08* |
| Metatarsal head 3 |
497.34(108.83)† |
510.81(104.8) |
479.37(66.1) |
506.85(52.53) |
0.002* |
| Metatarsal head 4 |
452.06(11.45)†‡ |
462.91(104.35) |
448.29(75.16) |
471.97(67.76)†‡ |
0.001* |
| Metatarsal head 5 |
350.09(174.91)ठ|
368.74(114.85)‡ |
404.17(85.18) |
402.79(92.98) |
0.000* |
| Toe 1 |
595.71(116.74)† |
613.24(125.25) |
525.59(144.43) |
539.71(70.58) |
0.006** |
| Toes 2-5 |
552.94(98.03)§ |
490.09(179.56) |
480.1(143.19)§ |
510.43(93.12) |
0.026** |
| Mean total contact time (ms) |
|
|
|
|
|
| Heel – medial |
371.8(64.32) |
410.31(106.4) |
394.5(74.82) |
387.83(68.15) |
0.36* |
| Heel – lateral |
365.9(62.3) |
383.87(90.66) |
395.04(77.02) |
387.89(61.1) |
0.109* |
| Midfoot |
404.1(65.24) |
421.81(82.7) |
424.4(67.3) |
388.54(79.95) |
0.08* |
| Metatarsal head 1 |
491.3(112.34) |
485.9(79.21) |
479.26(84.9) |
486.84(51.09) |
0.42* |
| Metatarsal head 2 |
504.25(136.3) |
514.5(108.83) |
489.79(112.26) |
518(69.69) |
0.52* |
| Metatarsal head 3 |
533.74(106.8) |
508.4(137.4) |
525.09(62.56) |
537.86(68.17) |
0.24* |
| Metatarsal head 4 |
522.72(139.9) |
547.2(106.3) |
518.58(53.55) |
540.45(56.58) |
0.188* |
| Metatarsal head 5 |
502.61(96.28) |
492.71(140.8) |
484.95(82.6) |
478.84(63.91) |
0.79* |
| Toe 1 |
299.4(83.75)†§ |
248.72(71.94) |
279(115.1) |
392.48(116.45) |
0.000** |
| Toes 2-5 |
419.94(208.46)†§ |
310.47(182.6) |
453.87(214)§ |
281.64(99.52) |
0.003** |
| Pressure–time integral (N/cm2/ms) |
|
|
|
|
|
| Heel – medial |
4.24(1.84) |
5.35(2.31) |
4.8(2.37) |
8.38(2.91) |
0.309* |
| Heel – lateral |
3.58(1.26) |
3.68(1.37) |
5.42(1.71) |
7.26(2.24) |
0.642* |
| Midfoot |
2.01(1.42)†§ |
1.73(0.77) |
2.19(1.07) |
0.78(0.51) |
0.000* |
| Metatarsal head 1 |
3.99(1.58) |
3.71(1.58) |
3.24(1.54) |
2.17(1.55) |
0.043* |
| Metatarsal head 2 |
4.27(2.79) |
3.99(2.35) |
4.31(2.02) |
5.1(2.07) |
0.999* |
| Metatarsal head 3 |
4.04(2.11) |
4.37(3.25) |
4.97(1.95) |
5.91(3.22) |
0.06* |
| Metatarsal head 4 |
5.18(2.66) |
6.59(4.23) |
2.97(1.15) |
3.78(1.91) |
0.396* |
| Metatarsal head 5 |
2.18(2.04) |
2.32(3.39) |
2.54(1.52) |
1.31(0.85) |
0.462* |
| Toe 1 |
3.08(2.39)ठ|
2.67(1.64) |
1.24(0.82) |
1.76(1.11) |
0.001** |
| Toes 2-5 | 1.37(1.38) | 1.48(1.57) | 4.09(1.18)†§ | 0.37(0.33) | 0.002** |
* ANOVA.
** Friedman test.
† significantly different to round.
‡ significantly different to square.
§ significantly different to point.