Table 1.
| No Bed-Hold | Bed-Hold | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Residents | (n = 140,285) | (n = 614,307) | |
| Age | 82.87 | 83.26 | <0.001 |
| Male (%) | 27.96 | 27.71 | 0.0625 |
| Black (%) | 10.47 | 9.13 | <0.001 |
| Other race (%) | 5.97 | 3.74 | <0.001 |
| Do-not-resuscitate order (%) | 52.50 | 52.25 | 0.0991 |
| CHESS1 (%) | 31.80 | 32.13 | 0.0164 |
| CHESS2 (%) | 22.42 | 23.91 | <0.001 |
| CHESS3 (%) | 9.88 | 10.96 | <0.001 |
| CHESS4 (%) | 3.26 | 3.50 | <0.001 |
| CHESS5 (%) | 0.34 | 0.33 | 0.5388 |
| Complete ADL impairment (%) | 8.71 | 7.91 | <0.001 |
| Cognitive Performance Scale >3 (%) | 57.88 | 56.77 | <0.001 |
| Weight loss (%) | 13.37 | 13.09 | 0.005 |
| Unstable status (%) | 38.61 | 37.16 | <0.001 |
| Fever (%) | 1.79 | 1.72 | 0.0786 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 24.64 | 24.65 | 0.9716 |
| Congestive heart failure (%) | 14.88 | 17.74 | <0.001 |
| Emphysema/COPD (%) | 9.96 | 12.10 | <0.001 |
| Cancer (%) | 4.14 | 5.33 | <0.001 |
| 9 + medications in last 7 days (%) | 40.88 | 40.69 | 0.1929 |
| Any antipsychotics/hypnotics use (%) | 28.02 | 27.03 | <0.001 |
| Restraint use (%) | 5.62 | 4.42 | <0.001 |
| Hospice care (%) | 2.45 | 1.96 | <0.001 |
| Nursing homes | (n = 3,510) | (n = 13,639) | |
| Percent Medicaid ≥85% | 16.50 | 16.81 | 0.6544 |
| Percent Medicare ≥15% | 19.49 | 17.35 | 0.0031 |
| Percent black | 8.73 | 8.19 | 0.0698 |
| Occupancy rate ≥95% | 23.13 | 29.10 | <0.001 |
| Total direct care hours/day/resident | 3.46 | 3.41 | 0.2102 |
| Mean RUGS across nursing home | 0.79 | 0.80 | 0.0112 |
| Percent in a competitive market | 38.83 | 48.02 | <0.001 |
| States | |||
| Medicaid daily rate (CPI adj.) | 112.64 | 120.24 | <0.001 |
| Case mix reimbursement (%) | 73.91 | 64.77 | |
| Bed-hold policy (%) | 20.47 | 79.53 | |
†
Note that the first observation of each resident and nursing home was used.
‡
State information was from 2005.