Table 3.

Adjusted ORs of prevalent CAC^a in male participants aged 40–49 years

	Japanese (n = 310, prevalent CACa = 36)				Koreans (n = 294, prevalent CACa = 32)
Adjusting covariates	1 SD	ORb	(95% CI)	P-valuec	1 SD	ORb	(95% CI)	P-valuec
Age per 1SD (years)	2.8	1.82	(1.16, 2.85)	<0.01	2.8	1.01	(0.67, 1.51)	0.97
BMIa per 1SD (kg/m2)	3.1	1.87	(1.22, 2.86)	<0.01	2.7	1.56	(1.02, 2.38)	0.04
LDLc per 1SD (mmol/L)	0.93	1.60	(1.06, 2.42)	0.02	0.83	1.54	(1.03, 2.31)	0.03
HDLc/1 SD (mmol/L)	0.35	1.31	(0.82, 2.08)	0.26	0.30	1.10	(0.68, 1.79)	0.69
lnTG (mmol/L)/1 SD	0.46	0.99	(0.65, 1.50)	0.95	0.53	1.17	(0.74, 1.85)	0.50
Lipid medication use	—	2.35	(0.46, 11.96)	0.30	—	4.32	(0.49, 37.99)	0.19
Diabetes mellitus	—	2.15	(0.60, 7.73)	0.24	—	2.58	(0.81, 8.20)	0.11
Hypertension	—	0.66	(0.25, 1.71)	0.39	—	1.31	(0.44, 3.87)	0.63
Smoking (ref. never)
Past	—	1.36	(0.32, 5.69)	0.68	—	0.74	(0.25, 2.19)	0.58
Current	—	2.77	(0.71, 10.81)	0.14	—	0.86	(0.29, 2.53)	0.78
Alcohol drinking (ref. never)
Past	—	2.33	(0.19, 28.54)	0.51	—	d	(–, –)	—
Current, <23 g/day	—	0.60	(0.18, 1.95)	0.39	—	1.70	(0.50, 5.78)	0.40
Current, ≥23 g/day	—	1.28	(0.50, 3.27)	0.61	—	2.22	(0.84, 5.90)	0.11
	Japanese Americans (n = 299,e prevalent CACa = 95)				US Whites (n = 308, prevalent CACa = 81)
Adjusting covariates	1 SD	ORb	(95% CI)	P-valuec	1 SD	ORb	(95% CI)	P-valuec
Age/1 SD (years)	2.8	1.50	(1.11, 2.01)	<0.01	2.8	1.71	(1.26, 2.32)	<0.01
BMI/1 SD (kg/m2)	4.3	1.24	(0.91, 1.69)	0.18	4.2	1.70	(1.23, 2.34)	<0.01
LDLc/1 SD (mmol/L)	0.85	1.15	(0.86, 1.56)	0.35	0.87	1.28	(0.95, 1.73)	0.11
HDLc/1 SD (mmol/L)	0.32	1.24	(0.91, 1.69)	0.18	0.33	0.77	(0.52, 1.14)	0.19
lnTG (mmol/L)/1 SD	0.61	1.02	(0.75, 1.37)	0.92	0.51	0.83	(0.59, 1.18)	0.30
Lipid medication	—	1.73	(0.88, 3.43)	0.11	—	3.26	(1.47, 7.23)	<0.01
Diabetes mellitus	—	1.46	(0.66, 3.26)	0.35	—	1.73	(0.41, 7.36)	0.46
Hypertension	—	1.11	(0.59, 2.10)	0.74	—	1.16	(0.54, 2.52)	0.70
Smoking (ref. never)
Past	—	1.14	(0.60, 2.16)	0.69	—	1.58	(0.78, 3.21)	0.21
Current	—	2.64	(1.21, 5.74)	0.01	—	2.08	(0.73, 5.90)	0.17
Alcohol drinking (ref. never)
Past	—	1.08	(0.48, 2.42)	0.86	—	0.82	(0.28, 2.41)	0.72
Current, <23 g/day	—	0.84	(0.32, 2.25)	0.73	—	0.97	(0.48, 1.94)	0.93
Current, ≥23 g/day	—	1.75	(0.90, 3.37)	0.10	—	1.17	(0.49, 2.82)	0.72

BMI, body mass index; CAC, coronary artery calcium; HDLc, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDLc, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; lnTG, natural log-transformed value of triglycerides; OR, odds ratio; SD, standard deviation; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.

^aPrevalent CAC was defined as the Agatston score ≥10.

^bFor a continuous variable, odds ratio was expressed/1 SD (ethnic group-specific SD) increase in the value.

Odds ratio was adjusted for age (years), serum levels (continuous) of LDLc, HDLc, and lnTG, use of lipid medication (yes/no), diabetes mellitus (yes/no), hypertension (yes/no), smoking (never, past, and current), and alcohol drinking (never, past, current <23 g/day, current ≥23 g/day) (Model 4). Diabetes mellitus was defined as the use of anti-diabetic medication(s) or fasting glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL). Hypertension was defined as the use of anti-hypertensive medication(s) or systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg.

^cP-values were two-sided.

^dThe estimates were unable to obtain because no participants in this category had prevalent CAC.

^eOne participant was excluded in this analysis due to missing HDLc.