TABLE 3.

Comparison of metabolic traits by macronutrient pattern in BetaGene participants¹

				P value2
	Low fat (65% carbohydrate, 20% fat, 15% protein)	Moderate fat (54% carbohydrate, 28% fat, 18% protein)	High fat (44% carbohydrate, 35% fat, 21% protein)	High vs. low fat	High vs. moderate fat	For trend across all groups
n	392	520	238
Anthropometric measurements
BMI, kg/m2	28.7 ± 0.3	28.9 ± 0.3	29.9 ± 0.4	0.015	0.023	0.022
Body fat percentage, %	33.1 ± 0.3	33.6 ± 0.3	34.5 ± 0.5	0.014	0.08	0.015
Trunk fat, kg	12.1 ± 0.3	12.4 ± 0.3	13.6 ± 0.4	0.002	0.009	0.003
Waist circumference, cm	92.6 ± 0.7	92.4 ± 0.6	95.3 ± 1.0	0.019	0.006	0.036
Waist-hip ratio	0.88 ± 0.01	0.88 ± 0.01	0.88 ± 0.01	0.70	0.77	0.62
OGTT-derived measures
Fasting glucose, mmol/L	5.0 ± 0.1	5.0 ± 0.1	5.0 ± 0.1	0.39	0.81	0.35
2-h Glucose, mmol/L	7.1 ± 0.1	7.1 ± 0.1	7.0 ± 0.1	0.83	0.58	0.90
Fasting insulin, pmol/L	41 ± 2	41 ± 1	43 ± 2	0.56	0.51	0.61
30-min ΔInsulin, pmol/L	346 ± 6	355 ± 5	353 ± 8	0.69	0.94	0.64
2-h Insulin, pmol/L	327 ± 13	336 ± 13	346 ± 18	0.37	0.64	0.36
IVGTT-derived measures
AIR, pmol/L x 10 min	2996 ± 56	2912 ± 52	3122 ± 89	0.51	0.27	0.62
SI, x 10−3 min−1 per pmol/L	2.71 ± 0.07	2.69 ± 0.07	2.40 ± 0.10	0.008	0.012	0.014
Disposition Index	7849 ± 148	7511 ± 133	7101 ± 153	0.039	0.23	0.043
Serum lipids, mg/dL
Total cholesterol	168 ± 2	170 ± 2	167 ± 3	0.68	0.28	0.81
HDL cholesterol	45 ± 1	46 ± 1	47 ± 1	0.12	0.43	0.11
LDL cholesterol	99 ± 1	99 ± 1	97 ± 2	0.39	0.20	0.48
TG	93.1 ± 3.0	92.8 ± 2.9	89.6 ± 3.9	0.45	0.49	0.47

¹Values are age- and sex-adjusted geometric mean ± SE. SE was computed by the Delta method. AIR, acute insulin response; IVGTT, intravenous glucose tolerance; OGTT, oral-glucose-tolerance test; S_I, insulin sensitivity.

²Derived from generalized estimating equations, adjusted for age and sex.