TABLE 2.

Relationships between walnut consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in the 2 prospective cohorts of women¹

	Frequency of walnut consumption
	Never/rarely	<1 serving/wk	1 serving/wk	≥2 servings/wk	P-trend	HR (95% CI) for 2 servings/wk
Walnuts
Cases/person-years	4224/91,6280	1433/320,434	183/49,687	90/29,180		5930/131,5581
Age-adjusted model	1.00	0.90 (0.84–0.95)	0.75 (0.64–0.87)	0.61 (0.49–0.75)	<0.001	0.73 (0.66–0.81)
Multivariable model2	1.00	0.93 (0.88–0.99)	0.81 (0.70–0.94)	0.67 (0.54–0.82)	<0.001	0.79 (0.71–0.87)
Multivariable model + BMI3	1.00	0.96 (0.90–1.02)	0.87 (0.75–1.01)	0.76 (0.62–0.94)	0.002	0.85 (0.77–0.94)
Other tree nuts
Cases/person-years	3672/79,5074	1624/355,405	349/88,720	285/76,381		5930/131,5581
Age-adjusted model	1.00	0.96 (0.91–1.02)	0.84 (0.75–0.94)	0.78 (0.69–0.88)	<0.001	0.90 (0.85–0.95)
Multivariable model2	1.00	0.99 (0.94–1.06)	0.93 (0.83–1.04)	0.88 (0.77–0.99)	0.03	0.94 (0.90–0.99)
Multivariable model + BMI3	1.00	1.01 (0.95–1.08)	1.01 (0.90–1.13)	1.04 (0.92–1.18)	0.49	1.02 (0.97–1.07)

¹Data are based on a pooled database of 10 y of follow-up in the NHS (1998–2008) and NHS II (1999–2009). 1 serving of walnuts = 28 g. NHS, Nurses’ Health Study.

²Multivariable model: adjusted for age (continuous), race (white, non-white), family history of diabetes (yes, no), smoking status [never, past, current (1–14, 15–24, ≥25 cigarettes/d)], alcohol intake (0, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–14.9, ≥15.0 g/d), physical activity (<3.0, 3.0–8.9, 9.0–17.9, 18.0–26.9, ≥27.0 metabolic equivalent task-h/wk), postmenopausal status and menopausal hormone use [premenopausal, postmenopausal (no, past, or current hormone use)], use of multivitamin (yes, no), total energy intake, and other dietary variables (all in quintiles), including whole grains, fruits, vegetables, fish, red meat, coffee, and sugar-sweetened beverages.

³Multivariable model + BMI: <23.0, 23.0–24.9, 25.0–29.9, 30.0–34.9, ≥35 kg/m².