Table 3. Parameters for calculating exposure to metallic contaminants in water¹⁷.

Parameter	Consumera	Value	Type of exposure
Ingestion rate	Adult	2 l/day	Oral
	Child	1 l/day	Oral
Exposure duration	Adult	30 years	Oral and dermal
	Child	6 years	Oral and dermal
Exposure frequency	Adult or child	350 days per year	Oral and dermal
Body weight	Adult male	70 kg	Oral and dermal
	Adult female	58 kg18	Oral and dermal
	Child	15 kg	Oral and dermal
Lifetime averaging time	Adult or child	54 years × 365 days per year	Oral and dermal
Event frequency	Adult or child	1 event per day	Dermal
Event duration	Adult	0.25 hours per event	Dermal
	Child	0.25 hours per event	Dermal
Skin surface area	Adult	18 000 cm2	Dermal
	Child	6600 cm2	Dermal
Skin permeability coefficient
Cadmium	Adult or child	1 × 10−3 cm/hour	Dermal
Cobalt	Adult or child	0.4 × 10−3 cm/hour	Dermal
Chromium	Adult or child	2 × 10−3 cm/hour	Dermal
Iron	Adult or child	1 × 10−3 cm/hour	Dermal
Manganese	Adult or child	1 × 10−3 cm/hour	Dermal
Lead	Adult or child	0.1 × 10−3 cm/hour	Dermal
Gastrointestinal absorption fraction
Cadmium	Adult or child	5%	Dermal
Cobalt	Adult or child	80%	Dermal
Chromium	Adult or child	2.5%	Dermal
Manganese	Adult or child	6%	Dermal
Lead	Adult or child	15%	Dermal

^a Children were aged less than 6 years and adults, 7 to 54 years.