Table 7. Disease burden due to metal contamination of water from consumer taps, two water supply schemes, Nigeria, 2010–2011.
| Metal contaminant and health outcome | Consumera | Fraction of all consumers (CF) | Asejire water supply scheme |
Eleyele water supply scheme |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chronic daily intake (mg/kg per day [x 10−3]) | Lifetime probability of health outcome | Estimated disease burden (DALYs per person per year [x 10−3]) |
Chronic daily intake (mg/kg per day [x 10−3]) | Lifetime probability of health outcome | Estimated disease burden (DALYs per person per year [x 10−3]) |
||||||
| Individual health outcome associated with metal | All health outcomes associated with metal | Individual health outcome associated with metal | All health outcomes associated with metal | ||||||||
| Cadmium | All | 1 | NA | NA | NA | 38 | NA | NA | NA | 31 | |
| Renal abnormality | All | 1 | NA | NA | 17 | NA | NA | NA | 14 | NA | |
| Child | 0.2425 | 0.44 | 0.66 | NA | NA | 0.36 | 0.53 | NA | NA | ||
| Adult female | 0.3726 | 1.1 | 1.7 | NA | NA | 0.93 | 1.4 | NA | NA | ||
| Adult male | 0.3849 | 0.96 | 1.5 | NA | NA | 0.79 | 1.2 | NA | NA | ||
| Osteoporosis | All | 1 | NA | NA | 21 | NA | NA | NA | 17 | NA | |
| Child | 0.2425 | 0.44 | 0.80 | NA | NA | 0.36 | 0.65 | NA | NA | ||
| Adult female | 0.3726 | 1.1 | 2.1 | NA | NA | 0.93 | 1.7 | NA | NA | ||
| Adult male | 0.3849 | 0.96 | 1.8 | NA | NA | 0.79 | 1.4 | NA | NA | ||
| Cobalt | All | 1 | NA | NA | NA | 0.051 | NA | NA | NA | 0.063 | |
| Goitre and hypothyroidism | All | 1 | NA | NA | 0.017 | NA | NA | NA | 0.021 | NA | |
| Child | 0.2425 | 0.53 | 0.65 × 10−3 | NA | NA | 0.62 | 0.77 × 10−3 | NA | NA | ||
| Adult female | 0.3726 | 1.4 | 1.7 × 10−3 | NA | NA | 1.6 | 2.1 × 10−3 | NA | NA | ||
| Adult male | 0.3849 | 1.2 | 1.5 × 10−3 | NA | NA | 1.4 | 1.7 × 10−3 | NA | NA | ||
| Cardiomyopathy | All | 1 | NA | NA | 0.017 | NA | NA | NA | 0.021 | NA | |
| Child | 0.2425 | 0.53 | 0.65 × 10−3 | NA | NA | 0.62 | 0.77 × 10−3 | NA | NA | ||
| Adult female | 0.3726 | 1.4 | 1.7 × 10−3 | NA | NA | 1.6 | 2.1 × 10−3 | NA | NA | ||
| Adult male | 0.3849 | 1.2 | 1.5 × 10−3 | NA | NA | 1.4 | 1.7 × 10−3 | NA | NA | ||
| Polycythaemia vera | All | 1 | NA | NA | 0.017 | NA | NA | NA | 0.21 | NA | |
| Child | 0.2425 | 0.53 | 0.65 × 10−3 | NA | NA | 0.62 | 0.77 × 10−3 | NA | NA | ||
| Adult female | 0.3726 | 1.4 | 1.7 × 10−3 | NA | NA | 1.6 | 2.1 × 10−3 | NA | NA | ||
| Adult male | 0.3849 | 1.2 | 1.5 × 10−3 | NA | NA | 1.4 | 1.7 × 10−3 | NA | NA | ||
| Chromium | All | 1 | NA | NA | NA | 100 | NA | NA | NA | 54 | |
| Chronic liver inflammation | All | 1 | NA | NA | 14 | NA | NA | NA | 7.2 | NA | |
| Child | 0.2425 | 1.7 | 0.55 | NA | NA | 0.87 | 0.29 | NA | NA | ||
| Adult female | 0.3726 | 4.3 | 1.4 | NA | NA | 2.2 | 0.73 | NA | NA | ||
| Adult male | 0.3849 | 3.6 | 1.2 | NA | NA | 1.9 | 0.62 | NA | NA | ||
| Diffuse epithelial hyperplasia in the duodenum | All | 1 | NA | NA | 46 | NA | NA | NA | 24 | NA | |
| Child | 0.2425 | 1.7 | 1.8 | NA | NA | 0.87 | 0.96 | NA | NA | ||
| Adult female | 0.3726 | 4.3 | 4.7 | NA | NA | 2.2 | 2.4 | NA | NA | ||
| Adult male | 0.3849 | 3.6 | 4.0 | NA | NA | 1.9 | 2.1 | NA | NA | ||
| Histiocytic infiltration of the liver | All | 1 | NA | NA | 35 | NA | NA | NA | 18 | NA | |
| Child | 0.2425 | 1.7 | 1.4 | NA | NA | 0.87 | 0.72 | NA | NA | ||
| Adult female | 0.3726 | 4.3 | 3.5 | NA | NA | 2.2 | 1.8 | NA | NA | ||
| Adult male | 0.3849 | 3.6 | 3.0 | NA | NA | 1.9 | 1.6 | NA | NA | ||
| Acinus cytoplasmic alteration in the pancreas | All | 1 | NA | NA | 8.0 | NA | NA | NA | 4.2 | NA | |
| Child | 0.2425 | 1.7 | 0.32 | NA | NA | 0.87 | 0.17 | NA | NA | ||
| Adult female | 0.3726 | 4.3 | 0.82 | NA | NA | 2.2 | 0.42 | NA | NA | ||
| Adult male | 0.3849 | 3.6 | 0.69 | NA | NA | 1.9 | 0.36 | NA | NA | ||
| Oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer | All | 1 | NA | NA | 0.032 | NA | NA | NA | 0.015 | NA | |
| Child | 0.2425 | 0.90 | 0.23 × 10−3 | NA | NA | 0.45 | 0.11 × 10−3 | NA | NA | ||
| Adult female | 0.3726 | 2.5 | 0.62 × 10−3 | NA | NA | 1.2 | 0.30 × 10−3 | NA | NA | ||
| Adult male | 0.3849 | 2.1 | 0.52 × 10−3 | NA | NA | 1.0 | 0.26 × 10−3 | NA | NA | ||
| Oesophageal cancer | All | 1 | NA | NA | 0.084 | NA | NA | NA | 0.041 | NA | |
| Child | 0.2425 | 0.90 | 0.23 × 10−3 | NA | NA | 0.45 | 0.11 × 10−3 | NA | NA | ||
| Adult female | 0.3726 | 2.5 | 0.62 × 10−3 | NA | NA | 1.2 | 0.30 × 10−3 | NA | NA | ||
| Adult male | 0.3849 | 2.1 | 0.52 × 10−3 | NA | NA | 1.0 | 0.26 × 10−3 | NA | NA | ||
| Gastric cancer | All | 1 | NA | NA | 0.065 | NA | NA | NA | 0.032 | NA | |
| Child | 0.2425 | 0.90 | 0.23 × 10−3 | NA | NA | 0.45 | 0.11 × 10−3 | NA | NA | ||
| Adult female | 0.3726 | 2.5 | 0.62 × 10−3 | NA | NA | 1.2 | 0.30 × 10−3 | NA | NA | ||
| Adult male | 0.3849 | 2.1 | 0.52 × 10−3 | NA | NA | 1.0 | 0.26 × 10−3 | NA | NA | ||
| Small intestine cancer | All | 1 | NA | NA | 0.060 | NA | NA | NA | 0.030 | NA | |
| Child | 0.2425 | 0.90 | 0.23 × 10−3 | NA | NA | 0.45 | 0.11 × 10−3 | NA | NA | ||
| Adult female | 0.3726 | 2.5 | 0.62 × 10−3 | NA | NA | 1.2 | 0.30 × 10−3 | NA | NA | ||
| Adult male | 0.3849 | 2.1 | 0.52 × 10−3 | NA | NA | 1.0 | 0.26 × 10−3 | NA | NA | ||
| Manganese | All | 1 | NA | NA | NA | 0.077 | NA | NA | NA | 0.18 | |
| Neurological abnormality | All | 1 | NA | NA | 0.077 | NA | NA | NA | 0.18 | NA | |
| Child | 0.2425 | 0.74 | 3.0 × 10−3 | NA | NA | 1.6 | 6.8 × 10−3 | NA | NA | ||
| Adult female | 0.3726 | 1.9 | 7.8 × 10−3 | NA | NA | 4.3 | 0.018 | NA | NA | ||
| Adult male | 0.3849 | 1.6 | 6.6 × 10−3 | NA | NA | 3.6 | 0.015 | NA | NA | ||
DALY, disability-adjusted life year; NA, not applicable.
a Children were aged under 6 years and adults, 7 to 54 years.