TABLE 1.
Characteristics of study participants according to tertile of dietary glycemic index1
| Men |
Women |
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| First tertile (n = 1210) | Second tertile (n = 1213) | Third tertile (n = 1246) | P2 | First tertile (n = 1320) | Second tertile (n = 1327) | Third tertile (n = 1354) | P2 | |
| Glycemic index | 52.6 (52.4, 52.8) | 58.6 (58.4, 58.8) | 65.9 (65.7, 66.1) | — | 50.3 (50.1, 50.4) | 55.6 (55.5, 55.8) | 62.4 (62.3, 62.6) | — |
| Age (y) | 56.3 (55.6, 56.9) | 53.5 (52.9, 54.1) | 53.6 (53.0, 54.2) | <0.001 | 56.1 (55.6, 56.7) | 53.1 (52.5, 53.7) | 52.7 (52.1, 53.2) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.0 (27.8, 28.3) | 27.9 (27.6, 28.1) | 27.7 (27.5, 27.9) | 0.157 | 27.8 (27.5, 28.1) | 26.9 (26.6, 27.2) | 26.9 (26.6, 27.2) | 0.028 |
| Current smokers (%) | 25.5 (22.8, 28.1) | 29.8 (27.2, 32.4) | 37.8 (35.2, 40.4) | <0.001 | 12.0 (10.0, 14.0) | 16.8 (14.8, 18.8) | 20.4 (18.4, 22.4) | 0.001 |
| >Primary education (%) | 46.9 (44.1, 49.8) | 47.9 (45.1, 50.7) | 47.4 (44.7, 50.2) | 0.194 | 42.4 (39.7, 45.1) | 48.2 (45.5, 50.9) | 45.8 (43.1, 48.5) | 0.099 |
| Alcohol consumption (g) | 13.4 (12.3, 14.4) | 16.1 (15.1, 17.2) | 19.4 (18.4, 20.5) | <0.001 | 4.0 (3.5, 4.4) | 4.7 (4.3, 5.2) | 6.2 (5.5, 8.6) | <0.001 |
| Underreporter (%)3 | 32.2 (29.6, 34.7) | 26.4 (23.9, 28.9) | 24.3 (21.8, 26.7) | <0.001 | 17.6 (15.9, 19.4) | 9.4 (7.6, 11.2) | 10.7 (8.9, 12.5) | <0.001 |
| LTPA (METs · min−1 · d−1) | 384 (362, 405) | 377 (356, 398) | 353 (332, 373) | 0.276 | 255 (242, 268) | 244 (231, 257) | 231 (219, 244) | 0.031 |
| Energy (MJ) | 10.1 (9.9, 10.2) | 10.7 (10.6, 10.9) | 10.8 (10.7, 11.0) | <0.001 | 9.7 (9.6, 9.4) | 10.5 (10.3, 10.7) | 10.4 (10.3, 10.6) | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate (% kcal)4 | 40.4 (40.0, 40.8) | 41.1 (40.7, 41.5) | 41.2 (40.8, 41.6) | 0.003 | 42.0 (41.6, 42.4) | 41.4 (41.0, 41.8) | 41.2 (40.8, 41.6) | 0.119 |
| Protein (% kcal)4 | 18.0 (17.8, 18.1) | 17.1 (16.9, 17.2) | 16.5 (16.4, 16.7) | <0.001 | 18.9 (18.7, 19.0) | 17.8 (17.7,18.0) | 17.4 (17.2, 17.5) | <0.001 |
| Fat (% kcal)4 | 40.8 (40.4, 41.1) | 40.5 (40.2, 40.9) | 40.4 (40.0, 40.7) | 0.090 | 40.6 (40.3, 41.0) | 42.1 (41.7, 42.4) | 42.4 (42.0, 42.7) | <0001 |
| Dietary fiber (g/4.18 MJ) | 12.2 (12.0, 12.4) | 10.7 (10.5, 10.9) | 9.7 (9.5, 9.9) | <0.001 | 14.6 (14.4, 14.9) | 12.4 (12.2, 12.6) | 10.9 (10.7,11.1) | <0.001 |
1
Values are means or percentages (95% CIs in parentheses). LTPA, leisure-time physical activity; METs, metabolic equivalents.
2
For age-adjusted linear trend across GI or GL tertiles.
3
Energy intake:basal metabolic rate ratio <1.2.
4
Percentage of energy intake.