TABLE 2.
Characteristics of study participants according to tertile of dietary glycemic load1
| Men |
Women |
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| First tertile (n = 1207) | Second tertile (n = 1215) | Third tertile (n = 1247) | P2 | First tertile (n = 1324) | Second tertile (n = 1316) | Third tertile (n = 1361) | P2 | |
| Glycemic load | 77 (76, 79) | 120 (118, 121) | 120 (118, 121) | — | 72 (71, 73) | 111 (110, 112) | 166 (165, 167) | — |
| Age (y) | 56.4 (55.8, 57.0) | 54.6 (54.0, 55.2) | 52.4 (51.8, 53.0) | <0.001 | 54.9 (54.3, 55.5) | 54.3 (53.7, 54.9) | 52.6 (52.1, 53.2) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.2 (28.0, 28.4) | 27.8 (27.6, 28.1) | 27.5 (27.3, 27.7) | 0.001 | 27.7 (27.4, 28.0) | 27.2 (26.9, 27.5) | 26.7 (26.4, 27.0) | <0.001 |
| Current smoker (%) | 31.1 (28.5, 33.8) | 30.4 (27.8, 33.0) | 31.7 (29.2, 34.3) | 0.153 | 17.8 (15.7, 19.8) | 15.4 (13.4, 17.4) | 16.4 (14.5, 18.4) | 0.004 |
| >Primary education (%) | 49.4 (46.6, 52.2) | 48.0 (45.2, 50.9) | 44.9 (42.2, 47.7) | <0.001 | 43.7 (41.0, 46.4) | 45.1 (42.2, 47.8) | 47.5 (44.9, 50.2) | 0.885 |
| Alcohol consumption (g) | 16.4 (15.3, 17.4) | 16.3 (15.2, 17.3) | 16.6 (15.5, 17.6) | 0.881 | 5.0 (4.5, 5.4) | 5.1 (4.7, 5.6) | 4.8 (4.4, 5.2) | 0.299 |
| Underreporter (%)3 | 58.6 (56.4, 60.7) | 21.6 (19.4, 23.7) | 3.4 (1.2, 5.5) | <0.001 | 33.2 (31.6, 34.8) | 4.2 (2.6, 5.8) | 0.6 (−1.0, 2.2) | <0.001 |
| LTPA (METs · min−1 · d−1) | 353 (331, 374) | 380 (359, 402) | 380 (359, 402) | 0.001 | 235 (221, 248) | 240 (227, 253) | 256 (243, 269) | 0.015 |
| Energy (MJ) | 8.1 (8.0, 8.2) | 10.4 (10.3, 10.5) | 13.1 (13.0, 13.2) | <0.001 | 7.8 (7.7, 7.9) | 10.1 (9.9, 10.2) | 12.7 (12.6, 12.9) | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate (% kcal)4 | 36.9 (36.6, 37.3) | 41.0 (40.7, 41.4) | 44.7 (44.3, 45.0) | <0.001 | 37.7 (37.3, 38.0) | 41.5 (41.1, 41.8) | 45.4 (45.0, 45.7) | <0.001 |
| Protein (% kcal)4 | 18.0 (17.9, 18.1) | 17.2 (17.0, 17.3) | 16.3 (16.2, 16.5) | <0.001 | 19.1 (18.9, 19.3) | 17.9 (17.7,18.0) | 17.1 (16.9, 17.3) | <0.001 |
| Fat (% kcal)4 | 42.6 (42.2, 42.9) | 40.6 (40.3, 42.0) | 38.6 (38.3, 39.0) | <0.001 | 43.9 (43.6, 44.3) | 41.9 (41.5, 42.3) | 39.3 (38.9, 39.6) | <0001 |
| Dietary fiber (g/4.18 MJ) | 10.5 (10.3, 10.8) | 10.8 (10.6, 11.0) | 11.1 (10.9, 11.3) | <0.001 | 12.2 (12.0, 12.5) | 12.5 (12.3, 12.7) | 13.2 (12.9,13.4) | <0.001 |
1
Values are means or percentages (95% CIs in parentheses). LTPA, leisure-time physical activity; METs, metabolic equivalents.
2
For age-adjusted linear trend across GI or GL tertiles.
3
Energy intake:basal metabolic rate ratio <1.2.
4
Percentage of energy intake.