. 2013 Aug 9;7:37. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2013.00037

Table 1.

Summary of studies involving MD thalamic lesions assessing performance in an array of memory tasks over the past 40 years.

References	Lesion/Species/Type	Behavioral tasks	Training	Delay	Deficits reported
Moreau et al., 2013	Lateral MD + ILn rats: NMDA	Spatial water maze	Post-op		No
Moreau et al., 2013	Lateral MD + ILn rats: NMDA	Visual water maze			No
Cross et al., 2012	MD rats: NMDA	Single item recognition	Post-op	5 m, 3 h	No
Cross et al., 2012		Spatial location		5 m, 3 h	No
		Object-in-place		5 m, 3 h	Yes
		Recency memory		3 h	yes
Izquierdo and Murray, 2010	MDmc +Amyg + OFC macaques: NMDA	Reward devaluation	Post-op		Yes, neural circuitry important for reward based decision making
Chauveau et al., 2009	MD mice: ibotenic	Contextual serial discrimin	Post-op	24 h	With no stress MD only mildly impaired, with stress condition MD substantially impaired
Chauveau et al., 2009	MD mice: ibotenic	Retention with stress variable	Post-op	24 h
Dolleman-van der Weel et al., 2009	MD rats: NMDA	Morris water maze	Post-op		Transient deficit only
Dolleman-van der Weel et al., 2009	MD rats: NMDA	Morris water maze	Post-op		Some impairments with strategy shifting
Lopez et al., 2009		Morris water maze	Post-op		No acquisition deficits, impaired in remote (25d) but not recent (5d) retrieval of correct quadrant
Mitchell et al., 2008	MDmc + Fx macaques: NMDA/ibotenic + ablation	300 OIP discriminations	Pre-op		Yes
Mitchell et al., 2008	MDmc + Fx macaques: NMDA/ibotenic + ablation	100 OIP discriminations	Post-op		Yes, combined lesions produced substantial new learning impairments
Mitchell and Gaffan, 2008	MDmc macaques: NMDA/Ibotenic	300 OIP discriminations	Pre-op		No
Mitchell and Gaffan, 2008	MDmc macaques: NMDA/Ibotenic	100 OIP discriminations	Post-op		Yes, new learning impairments
Ostlund and Balleine, 2008	MD rats: NMDA	Instrumental conditioning	Pre-op		Yes, disrupted influence of Pavlovian cues over action selection, no impact on selection of actions based on expected value
Pickens, 2008	MD rats: NMDA	Pavlovian devaluation	Post-op		Impaired when switching from Pavlovian to operant contingencies but not when switching from one reinforcer to multiple reinforcer conditions
		Operant devaluation	Post-op
		One vs. multiple reinforcers
Wolff et al., 2008	Lateral MD + ILn Rats: NMDA	Allocentric spatial water maze	Post-op		No
Wolff et al., 2008	Lateral MD + ILn Rats: NMDA	Egocentric spatial Y water maze			No
Block et al., 2007	MD rats:	Task set shifting T-maze			No, only impaired on new learning of strategies
Mitchell et al., 2007a	MDmc macaques: NMDA/ibotenic	Strategy implementation	Pre-op		No
Mitchell et al., 2007a	MDmc macaques: NMDA/ibotenic	OIP association	Pre-op		Yes, new objects-in-place post-op
Mitchell et al., 2007b	MDmc macaques: NMDA/ibotenic	Reward devaluation	Post-op		Yes
Gibb et al., 2006	Lateral MD + ILn	Odor-place associations Odor discriminations	Post-op		Yes
	Rats: NMDA	Odor-place associations Odor discriminations			No
		Place discriminations			No
Mitchell and Dalrymple-Alford, 2006	Lateral MD + ILn	Egocentric responding X-maze 8 arm radial maze	Pre-op		Impaired at matching body turn after delay
	rats: NMDA		Post-op		Impaired at matching body turn after delay
					No
Chauveau et al., 2005	MD mice: ibotenic	Sequential alt	Post-op	5–30 s	Only impaired when delays mixed (30-5)
Chauveau et al., 2005	MD mice: ibotenic	Go/ No-go temporal alt		0–30 s	Only impaired when delays mixed (30-5)
					Impaired
Mitchell and Dalrymple-Alford, 2005	Medial MD; lateral MD + ILn	Radial maze	Post-op	2 h	No
	Medial MD; lateral MD + ILn	Go/No-go devaluation	Post-op		Yes, MDmc
	rats: NMDA	Single item (SOR)	Post-op		No
		Recency memory (TOM)	Post-op		Yes, MDmc and MDpc+ILn
Ridley et al., 2005	MD + IT marmosets: NMDA + ablation	Spatiovisual conditioning	Pre-op		Unilateral MD not impaired in retention. Combined crossed lesions caused mild impairments
Ridley et al., 2005	MD + IT marmosets: NMDA + ablation	Visuospatial conditioning retention and learning	Post-op
Corbit et al., 2003	MD rats: NMDA	Instrumental conditioning	Post-op		MD acquired conditioning then deficits in selective devaluation effect during extinction
Corbit et al., 2003	MD rats: NMDA	Devaluation extinction tests	Post-op
Ridley et al., 2002	MD+AT marmosets: NMDA	Visuospatial conditional task	Pre-op		Combined MD+AT impaired in retention but separate MD or AT lesions were not
	MD+AT marmosets: NMDA	Visuovisual conditional	Post-op
		Concurrent discriminations
					No
					No
Alexinsky, 2001	MD rats: ibotenic, excision	3/8 baited radial maze	Pre-op		MD = less correct visits only;
		New Route—Pre-exp- Y/N			Pre-exposure –Y = MD deficits;
		Contextual light change			Pre-exposure –Y = MD deficits;
					MD adapted
Chudasama et al., 2001	MD rats: NMDA	Visual discriminations and reversals with touch-screen	Pre-op		MD = impaired at reversal of all three visual discriminations
Chudasama et al., 2001	MD rats: NMDA	Visual discriminations and reversals with touch-screen	Post-op
Gaffan and Parker, 2000	MDmc macaques: aspiration	Visual scene memory	Pre-op		Yes
		Object-reward associations	Pre-op		Retention = No
					New Post-op Learning = Yes
Floresco et al., 1999	MD rats: bilateral lidocaine infusion	Delayed radial maze	Post-op	30 min	Pre-test infusion severe deficits.
		Non delayed random foraging radial maze	Post-op		Pre-test infusion severe deficits.
		Non delayed random foraging radial maze			Not impaired.
		Delayed radial maze and Pre-test infusion only	Post-op	30 min	MD/N Acc. not impaired. A PL/N Acc. group were also impaired
Kornecook et al., 1999	MD rats: electrode	Visual object discrimination	Pre-op		No deficits on retention of discriminations learnt pre-op up to 58 days prior to surgery
Kornecook et al., 1999	MD rats: electrode	Visual object discrimination	Post-op
					No
Zhang et al., 1998	MD rats: NMDA	Go/no-go DNMTS odors	Pre-op	4–20 s	MD mild and transient deficits;
Zhang et al., 1998	MD rats: NMDA	Olfactory discrimination	Pre-op	4–20 s	MD mild and transient deficits;
					No
Burk and Mair, 1998	MD rats: NMDA	Place DMTS, operant boxes	Pre-op	1–13 s	No
Burk and Mair, 1998	MD rats: NMDA	Serial reversal learning	Post-op		No
Hunt and Aggleton, 1998a,b	MD rats: NMDA	Standard radial maze	Post-op	60 s	No
		Radial maze (45° rotation)	Post-op	60 s	Yes
		T-maze Alt		10 s	No
		8-arm radial maze		15, 60 min	Yes, exacerbated by AT damage
		SOR		15, 60 min	Yes, exacerbated by AT damage
					No
Hunt and Aggleton, 1998a,b	MD rats: NMDA	8-arm radial maze CCP	Post-op	10–40 s	No
		Exploratory Activity			No
		T-Maze MTP			Yes, slower to acquired task but no delay deficits
		T-Maze Reversal			No, MD more perseverative errors than controls
Parker et al., 1997	MD macaques: ablations	DMTS	Pre-op	0–30 s	Yes for large stimulus set size but not small set size
		Concurrent discriminations	Post-op		Yes for large stimulus set size but not small set size
		Rule reversal learning	Post-op		No
					No
Peinado-Manzano and Pozo-Garcia, 1996	MD rats	Delayed alternation in operant boxes	Pre-op	0–80 s	Moderate and transient impairment for 0–40 s and severe impairment for 80 s
Young et al., 1996	MD rats: RF	DNMTS in operant boxes	Post-op	1.8–8.8 s	MD produced deficits in acquisition of the radial maze task
		8-arm radial maze			MD produced deficits in acquisition of the radial maze task
Krazem et al., 1995	MD mice: ibotenic	T-Maze Spatial repetition	Post-op	5 min, 24 h	No
Krazem et al., 1995	MD mice: ibotenic	T-Maze Reversal	Post-op	5 min, 24 h	Yes, MD required more trials
Hunt et al., 1994	MD rats: NMDA	Object, concurrent and configural discrim	Post-op		MD mildly impaired on concurrent discriminations
Gaffan et al., 1993	MD + Amyg + VMPFC macaques: ablation	2-choice visual discrim task with food reward for correct choices	Post-op		Crossed lesions caused severe deficits in post-op acquisition
Mumby et al., 1993	MD rats: electrolytic	Visual object recognition DNMS	Post-op	4 s acq.	Yes, more trials to learn, then delay dependent deficits
			Pre-op	4–300	Yes, more trials to learn, then delay dependent deficits
					30–300 s
					Yes, more trials to reacquire
Neave et al., 1993	MD rats: NMDA	DNMTP	Post-op	0–32 s	No
Neave et al., 1993	MD rats: NMDA	Spatial discrim and Reversal	Post-op	0–32 s	No
Gaffan and Watkins, 1991	MD macaques: ablation	Learning of visual stimuli associated with different amounts of food	Pre-op		Yes, impaired on retention of pre-op reward stimuli associations and impaired in new learning of further reward stimuli associations
Gaffan and Watkins, 1991	MD macaques: ablation		Post-op
Hunt and Aggleton, 1991	MD rats: RF, ibotenic	Y-Maze Object recognition	Post-op	0–60 s	Yes
Hunt and Aggleton, 1991	MD rats: RF, ibotenic	T-Maze Delay alt	Post-op	10–60 s	Yes, spatial memory deficits only a consequence of anterior thalamic involvement
M'Harzi et al., 1991	MD rats: electrolytic	Radial maze	Post-op		Yes
		Place recognition			No
		Object recognition			No
Peinado-Manzano and Pozo-Garcia, 1991	MD rats: electrolytic	Operant delay alt	Post-op	0–80 s	Yes
Gaffan and Murray, 1990	MD + Amyg + vmPFC macaques: ablation	2-choice visual discrim with food reward for correct choices	Post-op		Bilateral lesions to MD impaired
					Crossed unilateral lesions not as impaired as bilateral lesions to any of the single regions.
Stokes and Best, 1990a	MD rats: electrolytic	8-arm radial maze	Post-op		Yes, combined MD and AT damage
Stokes and Best, 1990b	MD rats: ibotenic	8-arm radial maze	Post-op		Yes, combined MD and AT damage
Winocur, 1990	MD rats: electrolytic	Memory for food preferences	Post-op	0–8 d	No
			Pre-op		Yes, only if no delay btw acquisition and surgery Not impaired with 2 d between acquisition and surgery
Beracochea et al., 1989	MD rats: ibotenic	8-arm radial maze	Post-op	15, 45 s	No
		T-Maze temp alt			Yes = 15 s but not with 45 s delay
		T-Maze spatial reversal			Yes = 15 s but not with 45 s delay
					No
Stokes and Best, 1988	MD rats: electrolytic	8-arm radial maze	Pre-op	0 s	Yes, combined MD and AT damage
Zola-Morgan and Squire, 1985	Posterior MD macaques: electrolytic	Visual DNMTS	Post-op	8–60 s, 10 min	Yes, delay independent
Zola-Morgan and Squire, 1985	Posterior MD macaques: electrolytic	Pattern discrimination	Post-op	8–60 s, 10 min	No, analogous to preserved capacity for skill learning in human amnesic patients
Winocur, 1985	MD rats: electrolytic	Delayed alternation	Post-op	0–21 d	Yes, impaired acquisition and impaired at all delays
Winocur, 1985	MD rats: electrolytic	Passive avoidance	Post-op	0–21 d	Yes, impaired acquisition and impaired at all delays
					No
Aggleton and Mishkin, 1983a	MD macaques: ablation	Object recognition	Post-op	120 s	Yes
Aggleton and Mishkin, 1983a	MD macaques: ablation	Object-reward associations	Post-op	120 s	Yes
Aggleton and Mishkin, 1983b	MD +AT macaques: ablation	Object recognition	Post-op	120 s	Yes
		Visual pattern discrim			No
		Spatial delayed response			No
Isseroff et al., 1982	MD macaques: RF	Spatial delayed response	Post-op	5 s	Yes
		Visual pattern discrim			No
		Delayed alternation			Yes
		Object discrim + reversals			No

Abbreviations

Alt: alternation
Discrim: discrimination
DNMTP: delayed non match to position
DNMTS: delayed non match to sample
Egocentric: egocentric discrimination
FX: fornix
RF: radiofrequency
Seq: sequential
SOR: spontaneous object recognition
post-op: post-operative
pre-op: pre-operative.

For other abbreviations see elsewhere in the text.