Table 1.
Characteristics of the KEEP Population Younger Than 65 Years by Insurance Status
| Insurance |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | None | Public | Private | Pa | |
| No. of participants | 86,588 | 24,035 (27.8) | 8,927 (10.3) | 53,626 (61.9) | |
| Age (y) | 48.1 ±11.4 | 46.4 ± 11.8 | 50.6 ±11.6 | 48.4 ±11.1 | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 27,149 (31.4) | 8,140 (33.9) | 3,225 (36.1) | 15,784 (29.4) | <0.001 |
| Race | <0.001 | ||||
| White | 38,733 (44.7) | 8,892 (37.0) | 3,600 (40.3) | 26,241 (48.9) | |
| African American | 29,910 (34.5) | 7,178 (29.9) | 3,903 (43.7) | 18,829 (35.1) | |
| Native American | 2,827 (3.3) | 968 (4.0) | 335 (3.8) | 1,524 (2.8) | |
| Asian | 5,587 (6.5) | 1,773 (7.4) | 336 (3.8) | 3,478 (6.5) | |
| Other | 9,531 (11.0) | 5,224 (21.7) | 753 (8.4) | 3,554 (6.6) | |
| Hispanic | 12,595 (14.6) | 7,007 (29.2) | 932 (10.4) | 4,656 (8.7) | <0.001 |
| Education ≤12 y | 10,537 (12.2) | 5,558 (23.1) | 1,788 (20.0) | 3,191 (6.0) | <0.001 |
| Smoking (former or current) | 32,468 (37.5) | 9,497 (39.5) | 4,338 (48.6) | 18,633 (34.8) | <0.001 |
| CKD stages 1–5 | 12,998 (15.0) | 3,805 (15.8) | 1,999 (22.4) | 7,194 (3.4) | <0.001 |
| CKD stage | <0.001 | ||||
| None | 73,590 (85.0) | 20,230 (84.2) | 6,928 (77.6) | 46,432 (86.6) | |
| Stages 1–2 | 7,162 (8.3) | 2,357 (9.8) | 966 (10.8) | 3,839 (7.2) | |
| Stage 3a | 4,417 (5.1) | 1,068 (4.4) | 686 (7.7) | 2,663 (5.0) | |
| Stage 3b | 1,036 (1.2) | 255 (1.1) | 249 (2.8) | 532 (1.0) | |
| Stages 4–5 | 383 (0.4) | 125 (0.5) | 98 (1.1) | 160 (0.3) | |
| ACR ≥30 mg/g | 8,548 (9.9) | 2,798 (11.7) | 1,278 (14.5) | 4,472 (8.4) | <0.001 |
| ACR ≥300 mg/g | 854 (1.0) | 333 (1.4) | 161 (1.8) | 360 (0.7) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.8 ± 7.2 | 30.6 ± 7.3 | 32.5 ± 8.0 | 30.6 ± 7.0 | <0.001 |
| Hypertensionb | 54,775 (63.3) | 14,708 (61.2) | 6,611 (74.1) | 33,456 (62.4) | <0.001 |
| Blood pressure controlled | 24,761 (45.2) | 6,295 (42.8) | 3,409 (51.6) | 15,057 (45.0) | <0.001 |
| Diabetesb | 24,002 (27.7) | 6,858 (28.5) | 3,702 (41.5) | 13,442 (25.1) | <0.001 |
| Blood glucose controlled | 5,606 (23.4) | 1,745 (25.4) | 853 (23.0) | 3,008 (22.4) | <0.001 |
| CVD | 14,385 (16.6) | 3,738 (15.6) | 2,584 (29.0) | 8,063 (15.0) | <0.001 |
| Last saw a physician | <0.001 | ||||
| Within the past y | 70,765 (81.7) | 15,866 (66.0) | 8,231 (92.2) | 46,668 (87.0) | |
| 1–2 y ago | 9,439 (10.9) | 4,185 (17.4) | 441 (4.9) | 4,813 (9.0) | |
| >2 y ago | 5,961 (6.9) | 3,774 (15.7) | 214 (2.4) | 1,973 (3.7) | |
| Missing | 423 (0.5) | 210 (0.9) | 41 (0.5) | 172 (0.3) | |
Note: Values for categorical variables given as number (percentage); values for continuous variables given as mean ± standard deviation. Data from 2000–2011; includes those with nonmissing values for age, sex, race, ethnicity, health insurance status, CKD, and information about diabetes, hypertension, smoking, education, and BMI.
Abbreviations: ACR, albumin-creatinine ratio; BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; KEEP, Kidney Early Evaluation Program.
The χ2 test or t test.
Hypertension: self-reported history of hypertension, use of antihypertensive medications, or measured systolic blood pressure ≥130 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥80 mm Hg for persons with a history of diabetes or CKD; otherwise, systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90mm Hg); diabetes: self-reported history of diabetes, retinopathy, or fasting blood glucose level ≥126 mg/dL or nonfasting blood glucose level ≥200 mg/dL or hemoglobin A1c level ≥7% in the absence of self-report of medicine use.