Table 2.
Characteristics of the Population by CKD Stage
| No CKD (eGFR ≥60 & ACR <30) |
CKD Stages 1–2 (eGFR ≥60 & ACR ≥30) |
CKD Stage 3a (eGFR = 45–59) |
CKD Stage 3b (eGFR = 30–44) |
CKD Stages 4–5 (eGFR <30) |
Pa | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of participants | 73,590 | 7,162 | 4,417 | 1,036 | 383 | |
| No insurance | 20,230 (27.5) | 2,357 (32.9) | 1,068 (24.2) | 255 (24.6) | 125 (32.6) | <0.001 |
| Public insurance | 6,928 (9.4) | 966 (13.5) | 686 (15.5) | 249 (24.0) | 98 (25.5) | |
| Other insurance | 46,432 (63.1) | 3,839 (53.6) | 2,663 (60.3) | 532 (51.4) | 160 (41.9) | |
| Age (y) | 47.5 ±11.4 | 47.9 ± 11.3 | 55.8 ± 7.7 | 56.8 ± 7.3 | 53.5 ± 9.4 | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 23,035 (31.3) | 2,262 (31.6) | 1,402 (31.7) | 310 (29.9) | 140 (36.7) | 0.2 |
| Race | <0.001 | |||||
| White | 32,986 (44.8) | 2,645 (36.9) | 2,404 (54.4) | 557 (53.8) | 141 (37.0) | |
| African American | 25,187 (34.2) | 2,861 (40.0) | 1,390 (31.5) | 323 (31.2) | 149 (38.8) | |
| Native American | 2,296 (3.1) | 352 (4.9) | 123 (2.8) | 36 (3.5) | 20 (5.2) | |
| Asian | 4,833 (6.6) | 479 (6.7) | 191 (4.3) | 54 (5.2) | 30 (7.8) | |
| Other | 8,288 (11.3) | 825 (11.5) | 309 (7.0) | 66 (6.4) | 43 (11.2) | |
| Hispanic | 11,021 (15.0) | 1,080 (15.1) | 354 (8.0) | 83 (8.0) | 57 (15.1) | <0.001 |
| Education ≤12 y | 8,697 (11.8) | 1,101 (15.4) | 518 (11.7) | 144 (13.9) | 77 (20.3) | <0.001 |
| Smoking (former or current) | 26,975 (36.7) | 2,996 (41.8) | 1,845 (41.8) | 479 (46.2) | 173 (45.1) | <0.001 |
| ACR ≥30 mg/g | 0 (0.0) | 7,162 (100.0) | 753 (18.3) | 352 (36.5) | 281 (80.1) | <0.001 |
| ACR ≥300 mg/g | 0 (0.0) | 481 (6.7) | 124 (3.0) | 100 (10.4) | 149 (42.3) |
<0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.5 ± 7.1 | 32.3 ± 8.0 | 31.8 ± 7.1 | 33.2 ± 7.7 | 31.3 ± 6.9 | <0.001 |
| Hypertensionb | 43,599 (59.3) | 5,952 (83.1) | 3,880 (87.8) | 975 (94.1) | 369 (96.4) | <0.001 |
| Blood pressure controlled | 19,504 (44.7) | 2,525 (42.4) | 2,092 (53.9) | 489 (50.2) | 151 (40.8) | <0.001 |
| Diabetesb | 18,458 (25.1) | 3,157 (44.1) | 1,626 (36.8) | 535 (51.6) | 226 (58.9) | <0.001 |
| Blood glucose controlled | 4,614 (25.0) | 505 (16.0) | 349 (21.5) | 102 (19.1) | 36 (15.9) | <0.001 |
| CVD | 11,429 (15.5) | 1,417 (19.8) | 1,065 (24.1) | 344 (33.2) | 130 (33.9) | <0.001 |
| Last saw a physician | <0.001 | |||||
| Within past y | 59,521 (80.9) | 5,988 (83.6) | 3,929 (89.0) | 976 (94.2) | 351 (91.6) | |
| 1–2 y ago | 8,395 (11.4) | 684 (9.6) | 310 (7.0) | 38 (3.7) | 12 (3.1) | |
| >2 y ago | 5,324 (7.2) | 446 (6.2) | 153 (3.5) | 20 (1.9) | 18 (4.7) | |
| Missing | 350 (0.5) | 44 (0.6) | 25 (0.6) | 2 (0.2) | 2 (0.5) |
Note: Values for categorical variables given as number (percentage); values for continuous variables given as mean ± SD. With nonmissing values for age, sex, race, ethnicity, health insurance status, CKD, and information about diabetes, hypertension, smoking, education, and BMI.
Abbreviations and definitions: ACR, albumin-creatinine ratio (in mg/g); BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate (in mL/min/1.73 m2); SD, standard deviation.
The χ2 or t test.
Hypertension: self-reported history of hypertension, use of antihypertensive medications, or measured systolic blood pressure ≥130 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥80 mm Hg for persons with history of diabetes or CKD; otherwise, systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90mm Hg); diabetes: self-reported history of diabetes, retinopathy, or fasting blood glucose level ≥126 mg/dL or nonfasting blood glucose level ≥200 mg/dL or hemoglobin A1c level ≥7% in the absence of self-report of medicine use.