. 2009 Dec 7;12(2):152–156. doi: 10.1038/aja.2009.83

Table 1. Chemical and physical exposures that have been associated with reduced semen quality or impaired male fertility (for systematic reviews, see ^{15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26}).

Chemicals and occupational exposures	Reference(s) No.
DBCP among chemical and agricultural workers	^{5, 6, 7}
Ethylene dibromide among fumigators	²⁹
Glycol ethers among shipyard painters and others	^{30, 31}
Metals among stainless and mild steel welders	^{32, 33, 34}
Lead among lead smelters and car battery manufacturers	^{35, 41}
Mixture of several pesticides in greenhouse workers	³⁶
Carbaryl among chemical workers	³⁷
Perclorethylene among metal workers and drycleaners	¹⁵
Carbon disulfide among workers in viscose rayon production	³⁸
Styrene among reinforced plastic workers	³⁹
DDT/DDE in men living and working in endemic malaria areas	^{43, 44}
Radiant heat in foundry workers	¹²
Ionizing radiation	⁴⁰
PCB in the general population	^{45, 47}
Maternal tobacco smoking	^{49, 50, 51, 52, 53}

Abbreviations: DBCP, dibromochloropropane; DDT, dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane; DDE, dichloro-diphenyl-ethylene; PCB, Polychlorinated biphenyls.

Table 1. Chemical and physical exposures that have been associated with reduced semen quality or impaired male fertility (for systematic reviews, see 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26).