1995 |
Auger19
|
1351 |
1973–1992 |
France |
1. Mean volume: no change. |
|
|
|
|
|
2. Mean sperm concentration declined 2.1% per year from 89 million per ml to 60 million per ml. |
|
|
|
|
|
3. Percent motile sperm decreased 0.6% per year. |
|
|
|
|
|
4. Percent normal sperm decreased by 0.5% per year. |
1996 |
Irvine20
|
577 |
1984–1995 |
Scotland |
1. Sperm concentration fell from 98 million per ml in older cohort to 78 million per ml among donors born after 1970. |
|
|
|
|
|
2. Total motile sperm count fell from 169 million to 129 million. |
|
|
|
|
|
3. Concentration declined 2.1% per year. |
|
|
|
|
|
4. Motility increased 0.18% per year. |
1996 |
Adamopoulos21
|
2385 |
1977–1993 |
Greece |
1. Total sperm count declined from 154.3 million to 130.1 million. |
|
|
|
|
|
2. No significant drop in semen volume. |
1998 |
Bonde22
|
1196 |
1986–1995 |
Denmark |
1. Median sperm concentration dropped from 63 million per ml in men born 1937–1949 to 52 million per ml in men born 1970 and later. |
|
|
|
|
|
2. Median total sperm count dropped from 206 million and 117 million respectively. |
1999 |
Bilotta23
|
1068 |
1981–1995 |
Italy |
1. 31% decline in sperm concentration over the study period. |
|
|
|
|
|
2. 8% decline in motility. |
|
|
|
|
|
3. 9% decline in sperm with ‘typical morphology'. |
2003 |
Almagor24
|
2638 |
1990–2000 |
Israel |
1. Sperm count declined by 5.2 million each year. |
|
|
|
|
|
2. Motility declined by 0.5% per year. |
2005 |
Lackner25
|
7780 |
1986–2003 |
Austria |
1. Study population was infertile men |
|
|
|
|
|
2. Decline in sperm concentration from 27.75 million per ml in 1986 to 4.60 million per ml in 2003. |
2012 |
Splingart26
|
1114 |
1976–2009 |
France |
1. No decline in semen volume. |
|
|
|
|
|
2. Decrease in total sperm count from 443 million in 1976 to 300 million in 2009. |
|
|
|
|
|
3. Motility declines from 64% to 49%. |
|
|
|
|
|
4. Decline in percent of ‘normal forms' from 67% to 26%. |