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The clinical pathway involving FNA mapping for non-obstructive azoospermia. The extent and type of sperm retrieval can be tailored to the finding on the FNA map. The percentage of success at the bottom of each column represents the chance that enough spermatozoa will be found for all eggs at the time of sperm retrieval. FNA, fine-needle aspiration; ICSI, intracytoplasmic sperm injection; IVF, in vitro fertilization; TESA, testicular sperm aspiration; TESE, testicular sperm extraction.
