Table 1.
Study Population Characteristics, by Case-Control Status
| Characteristic | Cases, No. (%) (n = 64) |
Controls,
No. (%) (n = 192) |
P Valuea |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Female | 30 (47) | 93 (48) | .89 |
| Age category, y | <.01 | ||
| <5 | 7 (11) | 57 (30) | |
| 5–18 | 8 (13) | 29 (15) | |
| 19–65 | 38 (59) | 73 (38) | |
| >65 | 11 (17) | 33 (17) | |
| Hispanic ethnicity | 42 (66) | 57 (30) | <.0001 |
| Race | .66 | ||
| Asian | 0 (0) | 5 (2.6) | |
| Black | 8 (13) | 21 (11) | |
| White | 19 (30) | 65 (35) | |
| Unknown | 37 (58) | 101 (53) | |
| Northern Manhattan/ Bronx zip code | 53 (83) | 109 (57) | <.001 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | 9 (14) | 25 (13) | .83 |
| Alcohol dependence | 6 (9.4) | 2 (1.0) | <.01 |
| Cancer | 6 (9.4) | 16 (8.3) | .80 |
| Immunosuppressive therapy | 3 (4.7) | 14 (7.3) | .57 |
| Cystic fibrosis | 1 (1.6) | 14 (7.3) | .13 |
| Anatomic malformation | 0 (0) | 27 (14) | .001 |
| Underlying skin disease | 4 (6.3) | 19 (10) | .46 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 15 (23) | 56 (29) | .42 |
| Pulmonary disease | 4 (6.3) | 29 (15) | .08 |
| End-stage renal disease (hemodialysis) | 1 (1.6) | 4 (2.1) | 1.0 |
| Liver disease | 5 (7.8) | 4 (2.1) | <.05 |
| Type of infection | |||
| Skin and soft tissue infection | 40 (63) | 117 (61) | .88 |
| Pneumonia | .56 | ||
| Community-acquired | 2 (3.1) | 4 (2.1) | |
| Hospital-acquired | 2 (3.1) | 5 (2.6) | |
| Ventilator-associated | 5 (7.8) | 8 (4.2) | |
| Urinary tract infections | 2 (3.1) | 3 (1.6) | .60 |
| Eye/ear infections | 3 (4.7) | 10 (5.2) | 1.0 |
| Osteomyelitis | 3 (4.7) | 7 (3.6) | .71 |
| Secondary bacteremia | 4 (6.3) | 3 (1.6) | .07 |
| Colonizer | 6 (9.4) | 33 (17) | .16 |
| Community vs hospital infection | |||
| Admitted to hospital at onset of infection | 27 (42) | 79 (41) | 1.0 |
| Admitted for infection | 16 (25) | 35 (18) | .28 |
| Hospital onset, >48 h admission | 8 (13) | 34 (18) | .48 |
| Hospital admission past 6 mo | 26 (41) | 42 (22) | <.01 |
| Nursing home resident | 0 (0) | 10 (5.2) | .07 |
| Community-associatedb | 34 (53) | 127 (66) | .07 |
| Prior surgery | 10 (16) | 44 (23) | .29 |
| Postsurgical infection | 2 (3.1) | 6 (3.1) | 1.0 |
| ICU stay | 8 (13) | 34 (18) | .55 |
| Death | 4 (6.3) | 8 (4.2) | .50 |
| Drug resistance | |||
| Penicillin | 16 (25) | 90 (47) | <.001 |
| Levofloxacin | 2 (3.1) | 13 (6.8) | .18 |
| Erythromycin | 62 (97) | 77 (40) | <.0001 |
| Clindamycin (Kirby-Bauer) | 62 (97) | 48 (25) | <.0001 |
| Tetracycline | 0 (0) | 8 (4.2) | .26 |
| PVL presence | 8 (13) | 46 (24) | .12 |
Abbreviations: ICU, intensive unit; PVL, Panton-Valentine leukocidin.
a Fisher exact test.
b Community associated defined as culture positive <48 hours after admission and lack of hospitalization or long-term care facility residence over past 6 months.