Table 2. Relationships between preoperative characteristics and postoperative improvements in pain according to univariate and multivariate analyses.

Factors	Complete resolution (n (%))	Partial resolution (n (%))	Failure (n (%))	P value	Multivariate analysis
					P value
Age (years)				0.367a	0.761b
<20	7 (41.2)	9 (52.9)	1 (5.9)
20–29	13 (61.9)	7 (33.3)	1 (4.8)
≥30	8 (53.3)	6 (40)	1 (6.7)
BMI (kg m−2)				0.244a	0.042b
<18.0	1 (25)	3 (75)	0 (0)
18.0–22.9	17 (54.8)	14 (45.2)	0 (0)
≥23.0	10 (55.5)	5 (27.8)	3 (16.7)
Grade				0.676a	0.982b
I	1 (100)	0 (0)	0 (0)
II	4 (50)	3 (37.5)	1 (12.5)
III	23 (52.3)	19 (43.2)	2 (4.5)
Location				0.716a	0.872b
Unilateral	25 (52.1)	21 (43.7)	2 (4.2)
Bilateral	3 (60)	1 (20)	1 (20)
Testis volume difference (ml)c				0.724a	0.882b
<3	9 (42.8)	11 (52.4)	1 (4.8)
≥3	16 (59.3)	10 (37.0)	1 (3.7)
Duration of pain (months)				0.004a	0.002b
<6	15 (44.1)	19 (55.9)	0 (0)
≥6	13 (68.4)	3 (15.8)	3 (15.8)
Quality of pain				0.874a	0.924b
Dull	13 (56.5)	9 (39.1)	1 (4.4)
Dragging	12 (52.2)	9 (39.1)	2 (8.7)
Throbbing	1 (50)	1 (50)	0 (0)
Sharp	2 (40)	3 (60)	0 (0)
Surgical technique				0.374a	0.169b
Inguinal	24 (54.4)	18 (40.9)	2 (4.6)
Subinguinal	4 (44.5)	4 (44.5)	1 (11.0)

Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index.

^aUnivariate analysis of the general linear model.

^bMultivariate linear regression analysis.

^cUnilateral varicocele.