Determination of the levels of paracrine factors and cytokines in PZ-young and PZ-old stromal cells by Western blot and ELISA. (a) Representative Western blot bands were developed using antibodies against human HGF, IGF2, IGFBP5 and MMP1. β-actin served as a loading control. (b) Analysis of the relative expression of protein content by image intensity. Figures depict the intensity of the protein in representative samples from duplicate experiments displayed as composites of multiple Western blots. All band intensities were normalized to β-actin. (c) Concentrations of secreted HGF, IGF2, IGFBP5 and MMP1 in stromal cell-conditioned medium determined by ELISA. The columns represent the mean values of three independent determinations±s.d. *P<0.01, **P<0.05, compared with PZ-young. HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; IGF2, insulin-like growth factor 2; IGFBP5, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5; MMP1, matrix metallopeptidase 1; PZ, peripheral zone.