Table 1. Biomarkers and their potential application in the urinary detection of prostate cancer.

Goal	Biomarker	Substrate	Method	References
Reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies	GSTP1	DNA	MSP	9–11
	GSTP1+RASSF1A+RARB+APC	DNA	MSP	18,19,21
	GSTP1+HIST1HK4+TFAP2E	DNA	MSP	22
	PCA3a	RNA	TMA	27–32
	PCA3+TMPRSS2-ERG	RNA	Quantitative RT-PCR	46,47
	PCA3+TMPRSS2-ERG+SPINK1+GOLPH2	RNA	Quantitative RT-PCR	52
	AMACR	Protein	Immune reactivity assay	60,61
	AMACR	Protein	Western blot analysis	62
	AMACR+PCA3	RNA	Quantitative RT-PCR	64
	PSMA	RNA	Quantitative RT-PCR	69
	PSMA+PCA3+PSGR	RNA	Quantitative RT-PCR	69
	PSMA+PSM1′	RNA	Quantitative RT-PCR	65,68
	miR-107, miR-574-3p	microRNA	Quantitative RT-PCR	75
Distinguish the aggressive tumours from the indolent ones	RASSF1A	DNA	MSP	14,15,17
	TMPRSS2-ERG	RNA	Quantitative RT-PCR	49–51
	AMACR	RNA	Quantitative RT-PCR	63

Abbreviations: AMACR, α-methylacyl-CoA racemase; APC, adenomatous polyposis coli; GOLPH2, golgi phosphoprotein 2; GSTP1, gluthathione S-transferase P1; MSP, methylation-specific PCR; PSMA, prostate-specific membrane antigen; RARB, retinoic acid receptor β2; RASSF1A, Ras-association domain family protein isoform A; RT-PCR, reverse transcription-PCR; SPINK1, serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type 1; TMA, transcription-mediated amplification; TMPRSS2, transmembrane-serine protease gene.

^aFDA approved molecular marker for prostate cancer: Progensa PCA3 test.