Table 1.
| Pathogen Type | Pathogen | Malignancies | Non-Malignant Disease | Percent of annual cancers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human papilloma virus: 13 carcinogenic strains (HPV) | cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, anus, oral cavity, oropharynx and tonsil | Warts, condyloma | 5.2 | |
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| Viruses | Hepatitis B or C viruses (HBV and HCV) | Liver: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), non-HLP (Hepatitis C only) | Hepatitis, cirrhosis | 4.9 |
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| Epstein Barr virus (EBV) | Nasopharyngeal, extranodal NK/T-cell LP (nasal type), HLP, Burkitt’s LP, immune-suppression-related non-HLP | Infectious mononucleosis | 1 | |
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| Human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1) | Kaposi’s sarcoma, non-HLP, HLP, cervix, anus, conjunctiva | AIDS | 0.9 | |
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| Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) | Adult T-cell leukaemia and LP | 0.03 | ||
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| Bacteria | H. pylori | Non-cardia gastric carcinoma, MALT gastric LP | Gastritis, peptic ulcers | 5.5 |
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| Helminths | S. haematobium (blood fluke) | Urinary bladder cancer | Schistosomosis | 0.1 |
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| O. viverrini and C. sinensis (liver flukes) | Liver: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) | Opisthorchiasis and Clonorchiasis | 0.02 | |
| Total | 17.80% | |||
HLP: Hodgkin’s lymphoma, LP: Lymphoma, MALT: Low-grade B-cell mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue