Table 2.

Model parameters

Parameter	Value	References
Disutility per year*
No fracture state	0	Peasgood [43]
Post-distal forearm fracture	0.04 (1st year), then 0
Post-hip fracture	0.20 1st year, then 0.131 years 2–5
Post-clinical vertebral fracture	0.23 1st year), then 0.064 years 2–5
Post-radiographic vertebral fracture	0.126 1st year, then 0.06 years 2–5	Kanis [44]
Post-hip and clinical vertebral fracture	0.36 (1st year), then 0.20 years 2–10	Tosteson [45]
Post-“other” fracture	0.073 (1st year), then 0.023 years 2–5	Kanis [44]
Direct medical costs
Acute hip fracture	$35,322
Direct medical costs	$23,455	Gabriel [39]
1st year long-term care	$11,867	Leibson [40]
Acute clinical vertebral fracture	$9,244	Gabriel [39]
Acute radiographic (clinically unapparent) vertebral fracture	$0	Gabriel [39]
Acute distal forearm fracture	$5,017	Gabriel [39]
Acute other fracture	$7,264	Gabriel [37]
Annual long-term care>1 year after hip fracture	$9,057	Leibson [40]
Relative risk of fractures on bisphosphonate therapy	Men: non-spine fractures 0.73, spine fractures 0.36. Women: vertebral 0.5; hip, wrist 0.60; other 0.80	Orwoll [61], Ringe [62], Sawka [34], Black [30]
Relative risks fractures due to low BMDa	Men	Women
Hip
Age 55	3.92	3.29
Age 60	3.59	3.01
Age 65	3.38	2.83
Age 70	3.25	2.73
Age 75	3.02	2.53
Age 80	2.67	2.24
Age 85	2.26	1.89
Wrist and other	1.34	1.40
Vertebral	1.80	1.90
Relative risks fractures prior clinical fracture vs no prior fracture	Men	Women
Hip
Age 55	4.84	3.83
Age 60	3.84	3.04
Age 65	2.77	2.20
Age 70	2.31	1.83
Age 75	1.99	1.58
Age 80	1.71	1.36
Age 85	1.61	1.27
Wrist and other	2.01	1.73
∘Vertebral	2.40	1.32

^aPer SD decrease of femoral neck BMD

^*QALY value for health state is 0.84 for those age <75 years and 0.82 age 75 and older. Disutilities are represent difference in QALY value between healthy and other states