Table 1.
Mean ± standard deviations and statistics of demographic characteristics and neuropsychological tests of pTBI lesion group (LG) and non-head-injured control group (CG)
| Group | LG = 180 | CG = 53 | Statistics |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| t-value | P-value | |||
| Age (years) | 58.3 ± 3.0 | 58.9 ± 3.4 | 1.30 | 0.197 |
| Education (years) | 14.8 ± 2.5 | 15.2 ± 2.5 | 0.85 | 0.369 |
| Handedness (R:A:L) | 150:4:26 | 42:3:8 | χ2 = 1.7 | 0.426 |
| Pre-injury intelligence (AFQT) | 62.0 ± 24.5 | 66.9 ± 21.8 | 1.07 | 0.284 |
| Post-injury intelligence (WAIS-III) | 103.4 ± 14.4 | 110.4 ± 12.4 | 3.20 | 0.022 |
| BDI-II | 9.2 ± 9.1 | 11.4 ± 9.7 | 1.54 | 0.125 |
| TT | 97.6 ± 5.9 | 98.8 ± 1.6 | 1.48 | 0.140 |
| VOSP | 19.8 ± 0.6 | 19.7 ± 1.5 | −0.73 | 0.465 |
| Boston naming | 53.7 ± 7.5 | 55.9 ± 3.6 | 1.86 | 0.063 |
| Morphed faces | 38.1 ± 7.5 | 37.5 ± 7.3 | −0.52 | 0.604 |
| Morphed unpleasant | 39.9 ± 8.3 | 39.3 ± 7.8 | −0.44 | 0.661 |
| Morphed pleasant | 34.6 ± 8.6 | 33.4 ± 7.9 | −0.94 | 0.350 |
| FEEST unpleasant emotions | 15.14 ± 3.8 | 16.77 ± 2.4 | 2.90 | 0.000 |
| FEEST pleasant emotions | 18.23 ± 1.9 | 18.76 ± 1.3 | 1.89 | 0.059 |
Age: years at the time of FEEST administration; Handedness: R, right-handed; A, ambidextrous; L, left-handed; Pre-injury Intelligence: AFQT; Post-injury Intelligence: WAIS-III, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III for cognitive intellectual ability; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory-II for post-injury depression symptoms; TT: Token test for basic verbal comprehension; VOSP: visual object and space perception for object and space perception; Boston naming: for object naming; Morphed faces (percentage): for basic discrimination of facial expression; Morphed unpleasant emotions: anger, sadness, disgust and fear; Morphed pleasant emotions: happiness and surprise; FEEST: Facial Expression of Emotion Stimuli Test for emotion recognition and naming ability; FEEST unpleasant emotions: anger, sadness, disgust and fear; FEEST pleasant emotions: happiness and surprise.