Table 3.

Results predicting change in number of cigarettes smoked daily from Wave 1 to Wave 2

Variable	β	SE	p
Unadjusted results
Intercept	−1.96	0.20	<.001
Percent change in price per pack	−0.02	0.02	.343
Number of cigarettes smoked at Wave 1^a	−0.37	0.02	<.001
Percent change in price per pack*Number of cigarettes smoked at Wave 1^a (interaction term)	−0.004	0.002	.037

Adjusted results
Intercept	−0.62	0.52	.230
Percent change in price per pack	−0.01	0.02	.512
Number of cigarettes smoked at Wave 1^a	−0.42	0.03	<.001
Percent change in price per pack*Number of cigarettes smoked at Wave 1^a (interaction term)	−0.004	0.002	.044
Change in smoke-free indoor air policy score	−0.21	0.16	.189
Gender (women vs men)	−1.50	0.32	<.001
Age
18–29 years	Ref.
30–44 years	1.27	0.36	<.001
45–64 years	1.34	0.42	.002
≥65 years	−1.78	0.68	.008
Race
Caucasian	Ref.
African American	−2.45	0.35	<.001
Hispanic	−3.78	0.42	<.001
Other	−1.29	0.73	.078
Education
Less than high school diploma	−0.19	0.44	.670
High school diploma	Ref.
More than high school diploma	−1.56	0.29	<.001
Income
<$15,000	0.33	0.44	.464
$15,000 – 39,999	0.01	0.33	.985
≥ $40,000	Ref.
Marital status
Not married	Ref.
Divorced/Separated/Widowed	0.69	0.44	.121
Married/Living together	−0.13	0.39	.737
Current/recent pregnancy at Wave 2 (yes vs. no)	−2.58	0.79	.001
Presence of co-morbidities^b at Wave 1 (yes vs. no)	0.05	0.45	.908
Random effects	Variance	Z	p
Intercept (Level-2: state)	0.619	2.12	.017
# cigarettes at Wave 1 slope	0.008	2.28	.011
Level-1	90.791	58.99	<.001

Centered at the average of 16 cigarettes/day

Co-morbidities include arteriosclerosis, hypertension, angina pectoris, tachycardia, myocardial infarction, other heart disease, cirrhosis or other forms of liver disease.