Table 2.
Author | Species | Prenatal predictor | Outcome studied in the offspring | Age offspring studied | Effect |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(a) Animal studies | |||||
Dahlgren et al. [23] | Rats | Prenatal administration of dexamethasone or IL-6 or TNF-α | Adiposity | Adulthood | All exposures associated with increased body weight and adipose tissue mass |
De Blasio et al. [24] | Sheep | Maternal glucocorticoid administration during pregnancy | Glycemic control | Adulthood | Hyperinsulinemia |
de Vries et al. [25] | Nonhuman primates | Maternal dexamethasone administration during pregnancy | Glycemic control | Young adulthood | Impaired glucose tolerance and hyperinsulinemia, with reduced pancreatic b-cell number at 12 months |
Lindsay et al. [26] | Rats | Glucocorticoid exposure (11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 inhibitor) | Glycemic control | Adulthood | Hyperglycemia |
Nilsson et al. [27] | Rats | Maternal exposure to immune challenge during pregnancy | Adiposity, food intake, leptin levels, glycemic control | Adulthood | Associated with increased adipose tissue weights, elevated food intake, increased circulating leptin, reduced insulin sensitivity |
Author | Prenatal predictor | Outcome studied in the offspring | Age of offspring | Effect |
---|---|---|---|---|
(b) Human studies | ||||
Dalziel et al. [28] | Betamethasone administration during pregnancy (randomized–controlled trial) | Glucose tolerance | Young adulthood | Increased insulin resistance |
Fasting et al. [29] | Second trimester placental CRH levels | Adiponectine and leptin concentrations | 3 years | No association with leptin; associated with higher concentrations of adiponectin |
Gillman et al. [30] | Second trimester placental CRH levels | Adiposity | 3 years | Associated with an overall decrease in body size, but an increase in central adiposity |
Radaelli et al. [31] | Maternal IL-6 levels at delivery | Body composition | Newborns | Associated with increased fat mass |
Wadhwa et al. [32] | Placental CRH levels at 33 weeks gestation | Fetal growth restriction | Newborns | Associated with higher risk |
CRH, corticotrophin-releasing hormone; IL, interleukin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.