Table 3.

Reference ranges for human urinary concentrations of phenylacetylglutamine (PAG), 4-cresyl sulphate (4CS) and hippurate, given in ng/mL, μmol/mmol creatinine (Cr.), and μmol/24-hr.

Metabolite, units		PAG, ng/mL	PAG, μmol/mmol Cr	PAG, μmol/24-hr	4-CS, ng/mL	4-CS, μmol/mmol Cr	4-CS, μmol/24-hr	Hippurate, ng/mL	Hippurate, μmol/mmol Cr	Hippurate, μmol/24-hr
Men (n=1,019)	Mean	201.43	80.95	1283.03	113.11	63.04	1002.49	644.00	398.00	6284.57
	SD	135.33	48.85	751.71	92.17	47.41	737.14	442.15	265.35	4008.10
	Median	166.50	68.66	1117.44	91.70	54.30	871.53	555.70	334.86	5395.18
	2.5%a	41.80	22.84	343.54	6.30	3.91	59.51	95.20	66.61	1021.34
	97.5%b	559.05	197.51	3283.82	350.50	180.50	2848.59	1802.20	1100.45	16320.69
Women (n=981)	Mean	187.74	113.94	1145.93	120.93	103.12	1031.84	504.39	476.75	4793.04
	SD	120.98	64.30	635.49	92.26	71.19	687.94	341.53	340.11	3293.31
	Median	155.60	99.19	1018.95	100.65	89.65	908.31	426.15	391.43	4116.60
	2.5%3a	46.15	36.33	351.73	8.60	7.88	79.19	88.60	94.62	854.02
	97.5%b	494.75	287.43	2869.62	366.65	270.80	2557.63	1372.55	1377.14	13208.34
Aged 40–493 (n=982)	Mean	196.95	89.57	1151.95	117.89	76.22	963.19	578.88	402.84	5307.28
	SD	128.65	53.61	620.36	94.14	59.57	671.79	412.65	285.19	3682.91
	Median	166.33	77.39	1038.07	99.48	62.79	864.35	472.85	332.86	4346.11
	2.5%3a	43.00	24.21	322.75	7.35	4.23	59.70	103.55	76.87	912.64
	97.5%b	513.05	217.67	2748.66	353.55	216.57	2503.79	1714.35	1129.42	15491.91
Aged 50–593 (n=1018)	Mean	192.56	104.43	1277.35	116.03	88.95	1068.68	572.28	469.21	5789.98
	SD	128.67	63.45	764.90	90.47	66.48	748.04	391.65	323.07	3798.30
	Median	156.48	90.41	1098.15	92.78	72.77	920.95	492.70	385.67	4912.95
	2.5%3a	43.85	29.09	366.20	7.95	6.26	74.26	86.20	84.06	930.31
	97.5%b	541.80	255.88	3326.98	366.65	260.41	2848.59	1477.45	1295.98	15749.19

^a2.5% = 2.5th percentile

^b97.5% = 97.5th percentile