Table 2.

MANCOVA Results for Health-related Attitudes and Values, for Two Drinking Measures.

	Dislike visiting doctor (male) (female) (both)	Self-efficacy in health care settings (male) (female) (both)	How confident can change health practices (male) (female) (both)	Concerned Dr. might disapprove of health practices (male) (female) (both)	If sick, one’s own behavior determines getting well (male) (female) (both)	Better to seek professional help than treat oneself (male) (female) (both)	Good health a matter of good fortune (male) (female) (both)	Comfortable life important (male) (female) (both)	Exciting life important (male) (female) (both)	Respect & admiration of others important (male) (female) (both)	Religious & spiritual beliefs important (male) (female) (both)
Frequency of heavy drinking days1	Mean(se)	Mean(se)	Mean(se)	Mean(se)	Mean(se)	Mean(se)	Mean(se)	Mean(se)	Mean(se)	Mean(se)	Mean(se)
Never	2.2 (.02)	.03 (.11)	2.4 (.02)	1.4 (.02)	3.8 (.04)	3.4 (.04)	2.2 (.04)	2.7 (.01)	2.1 (.02)	2.3 (.02)	2.2 (.02)
	2.2 (.01)	.20 (.07)	2.3 (.01)	1.4 (.01)	3.8 (.02)	3.2 (.02)	2.2 (.02)	2.8 (.01)	2.0 (.01)	2.4 (.01)	2.4 (.01)
	2.2 (.01)	.11 (.07)	2.3 (.01)	1.4 (.01)	3.8 (.02)	3.3 (.02)	2.2 (.02)	2.8 (.01)	2.1 (.01)	2.3 (.01)	2.3 (.01)
Less than monthly	2.2 (.02)	−.12 (.13)	2.3 (.03)	1.5 (.02)	3.7 (.04)	3.3 (.04)	2.3 (.05)	2.8 (.02)	2.2 (.02)	2.3 (.02)	2.1 (.03)
	2.1 (.03)	.22 (.16)	2.3 (.03)	1.5 (.03)	3.9 (.05)	3.2 (.06)	2.2 (.06)	2.8 (.02)	2.2 (.03)	2.4 (.03)	2.3 (.03)
	2.2 (.02)	.05 (.10)	2.3 (.03)	1.5 (.02)	3.8 (.03)	3.3 (.04)	2.3 (.04)	2.8 (.01)	2.2 (.02)	2.4 (.02)	2.2 (.02)
Monthly	2.2 (.04)	−.30 (.21)	2.2 (.04)	1.5 (.04)	3.8 (.06)	3.4 (.07)	2.2 (.08)	2.7 (.03)	2.2 (.04)	2.3 (.04)	2.0 (.04)
	2.2 (.06)	−.52 (.32)	2.2 (.06)	1.6 (.06)	3.8 (.10)	3.2 (.11)	2.3 (.12)	2.8 (.04)	2.1 (.06)	2.5 (.06)	2.2 (.07)
	2.2 (.04)	−.41 (.19)	2.2 (.04)	1.5 (.03)	3.8 (.06)	3.3 (.06)	2.3 (.07)	2.8 (.02)	2.2 (.04)	2.4 (.03)	2.1 (.04)
Weekly	2.3 (.04)	−.27 (.22)	2.1 (.04)	1.5 (.04)	3.8 (.07)	3.4 (.08)	2.3 (.08)	2.8 (.03)	2.2 (.04)	2.3 (.04)	2.0 (.04)
	2.2 (.09)	−.01 (.47)	2.2 (.09)	1.7 (.08)	3.8 (.15)	3.2 (.16)	2.5 (.17)	2.8 (.06)	2.1 (.09)	2.5 (.08)	2.1 (.10)
	2.3 (.05)	−.14 (.26)	2.2 (.05)	1.6 (.05)	3.8 (.08)	3.3 (.09)	2.4 (.09)	2.8 (.03)	2.2 (.05)	2.4 (.04)	2.1 (.05)
Daily or almost daily	2.4 (.07)	−1.07 (.35)	1.9 (.07)	1.8 (.06)	3.5 (.11)	3.0 (.12)	2.6 (.13)	2.8 (.04)	2.1 (.06)	2.2 (.06)	1.9 (.07)
	2.2 (.14)	−1.67 (.77)	1.8 (.15)	2.0 (.14)	3.9 (.24)	3.2 (.26)	3.0 (.28)	2.8 (.10)	1.9 (.14)	2.2 (.13)	2.1 (.06)
	2.3 (.08)	−1.37 (.42)	1.8 (.08)	1.9 (.08)	3.7 (.13)	3.1 (.14)	2.8 (.15)	2.8 (.05)	2.0 (.08)	2.2 (.07)	1.9 (.09)
p for heavy drinking days	.03	.00	.00	.00	.92	.58	.00	.16	.00	.01	.00
Gender
Male	2.2 (.02)	−.35 (.10)	2.2 (.02)	1.5 (.02)	3.7 (.03)	3.3 (.03)	2.3 (.04)	2.8 (.01)	2.2 (.02)	2.3 (.02)	2.1 (.02)
Female	2.2 (.04)	−.36 (.19)	2.2 (.04)	1.6 (.04)	3.8 (.06)	3.2 (.07)	2.5 (.07)	2.8 (.02)	2.1 (.04)	2.4(.03)	2.2 (.04)
p for gender	.24	.97	.60	.00	.15	.36	.12	.21	.03	.00	.00
Gender x heavy drinking days interaction	F(4,5338)= 0.58, p=.68	F(4,5338)= .65, p=.63	F(4,5338)= .71, p=.59	F(4,5338)= 2.4, p=.05	F(4,5338)= .74, p=.56	F(4,5338)= .42, p=.79	F(4,5338)= 1.1, p=.35	F(4,5338)= .06, p=.99	F(4,5338)= .66, p=.62	F(4,5338)= .86, p=.49	F(4,5338)= .78, p=.54
Adjusted3 R2	.011	.032	.020	.038	.004	.058	.017	.016	.060	.016	.060
Drinking Status2	Mean (se)	Mean (se)	Mean (se)	Mean (se)	Mean (se)	Mean (se)	Mean (se)	Mean (se)	Mean (se)	Mean (se)	Mean (se)
Lifelong abstainer	2.1 (.04)	−.19 (.21)	2.4 (.04)	1.4 (.04)	3.7 (.07)	3.5 (.07)	2.4 (.08)	2.7 (.03)	2.1 (.04)	2.4 (.04)	2.5 (.04)
	2.2 (.02)	−.16 (.12)	2.4 (.02)	1.5 (.02)	3.7 (.04)	3.4 (.04)	2.3 (.04)	2.7 (.02)	2.0 (.02)	2.3 (.02)	2.6 (.02)
	2.2 (.02)	−.18 (.12)	2.4 (.02)	1.5 (.02)	3.7 (.04)	3.4 (.04)	2.3 (.04)	2.7 (.02)	2.0 (.02)	2.4 (.02)	2.6 (.02)
Former drinker	2.1 (.03)	−.04 (.15)	2.3 (.03)	1.5 (.03)	3.7 (.05)	3.5 (.05)	2.3 (.05)	2.7 (.02)	2.2 (.03)	2.3 (.02)	2.4 (.03)
	2.2 (.02)	.12 (.12)	2.3 (.02)	1.5 (.02)	3.8 (.04)	3.4 (.04)	2.1 (.04)	2.7 (.02)	1.9 (.02)	2.3 (.02)	2.5 (.02)
	2.1 (.02)	.04 (.10)	2.3 (.02)	1.5 (.02)	3.7 (.03)	3.4 (.03)	2.2 (.04)	2.7 (.01)	2.0 (.02)	2.3 (.02)	2.4 (.02)
Drinks .5–29 drinks/month	2.2 (.02)	−.04 (.09)	2.3 (.02)	1.5 (.02)	3.8 (.03)	3.4 (.03)	2.3 (.03)	2.7 (.01)	2.1 (.02)	2.3 (.02)	2.2 (.02)
	2.2 (.01)	.22 (.06)	2.3 (.01)	1.4 (.01)	3.8 (.02)	3.3 (.02)	2.2 (.02)	2.8 (.01)	2.0 (.01)	2.4 (.01)	2.4 (.01)
	2.2 (.01)	.09 (.06)	2.3 (.01)	1.4 (.01)	3.8 (.02)	3.4 (.02)	2.3 (.02)	2.8 (.01)	2.1 (.01)	2.3 (.01)	2.3 (.01)
Drinks 30–59 drinks/month	2.2 (.03)	−.26 (.17)	2.3 (.03)	1.4 (.03)	3.7 (.06)	3.3 (.06)	2.3 (.06)	2.8 (.02)	2.2 (.03)	2.3 (.03)	2.0 (.03)
	2.1(.04)	−.08 (.19)	2.3 (.04)	1.5 (.04)	3.8 (.06)	3.2 (.07)	2.4 (.07)	2.8 (.02)	2.1 (.04)	2.4 (.03)	2.3 (.04)
	2.2 (.02)	−.17 (.13)	2.3 (.02)	1.5 (.02)	3.8 (.04)	3.2 (.04)	2.3 (.05)	2.8 (.02)	2.1 (.02)	2.3 (.02)	2.2 (.03)
Drinks 60–89 drinks/month	2.3 (.06)	−.12 (.33)	2.2 (.06)	1.6 (.06)	3.8 (.10)	3.5 (.11)	2.3 (.12)	2.8 (.04)	2.2 (.06)	2.3 (.06)	2.0 (.06)
	2.3 (.09)	−.42 (.45)	2.0 (.09)	1.8 (.08)	3.8 (.14)	3.0 (.15)	2.1 (.16)	2.8 (.06)	2.1 (.08)	2.5 (.08)	2.1 (.09)
	2.3 (.05)	−.27 (.28)	2.1 (.05)	1.7 (.05)	3.8 (.10)	3.2 (.09)	2.2 (.10)	2.8 (.04)	2.2 (.05)	2.4 (.05)	2.0 (.06)
Drinks 90 or more drinks/month	2.3 (.05)	−.82 (.28)	1.9 (.05)	1.7 (.05)	3.7 (.09)	3.2 (.09)	2.4 (.10)	2.8 (.04)	2.1 (.05)	2.3 (.05)	2.0 (.06)
	2.2 (.09)	−1.4 (.46)	1.9 (.09)	1.8 (.08)	3.9 (.14)	3.3 (.15)	2.7 (.16)	2.8 (.06)	1.9 (.08)	2.3 (.08)	2.1 (.09)
	2.3 (.05)	−1.1 (.27)	1.9 (.05)	1.8 (.05)	3.8 (.08)	3.2 (.09)	2.6 (.10)	2.8 (.04)	2.0 (.05)	2.3 (.04)	2.0 (.05)
p for drinking status	.00	.00	.00	.00	.20	.00	.00	.00	.00	.26	.00
Gender
Male	2.2 (.02)	−.24 (.09)	2.2 (.02)	1.5 (.02)	3.7 (.03)	3.4 (.03)	2.3 (.03)	2.7 (.01)	2.1 (.02)	2.3 (.02)	2.2 (.02)
Female	2.2 (.02)	−.28 (.12)	2.2 (.02)	1.6 (.02)	3.8 (.04)	3.2 (.04)	2.3 (.04)	2.8 (.02)	2.0 (.02)	2.4 (.02)	2.3 (.02)
p for gender	.62	.78	.33	.00	.03	.00	.70	.25	.00	.01	.00
Gender x drinking status interaction	F(5,7690)= 1.66, p=.14	F(5,7690)= .72, p=.61	F(5,7690)= .78, p=.56	F(5,7690)= 2.17, p=.05	F(5,7690)= .86, p=.50	F(5,7690)= 1.09, p=.36	F(5,7690)= 1.23, p=.29	F(5,7690)= .46, p=.80	F(5,7690)= 2.80, p=.02	F(5,7690)= 1.77, p=.12	F(5,7690)= 1.70, p=.13
Adjusted3 R2	.01	.03	.02	.04	.00	.06	.03	.02	.06	.02	.09
Multivariate p	Drinking status= .00, Gender= .00, Gender-by-drinking interaction= .06

¹Among current drinkers, n=5352.

²N=7706 (drinking status missing for 178 individuals).

³Both models are adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, educational level, and adjusted household income.