. 2013 Apr;8(2):147–159.

Table 1.

Extrinsic factors: factors shown to promote rod photoreceptor formation

factor	optimal concentration	model organism	References	mouse ES cells	monkey & human ES cells
DAPT	2 µM	Chick	Kubo⁵⁶	10 µM	-
aFGF	20-100 ng/ml	Chick	Guillemot⁵⁸	50 ng/ml	-
bFGF	10-100 ng/ml	Chick	Guillemot⁵⁸	10 ng/ml	-
bFGF	10-100 ng/ml	Chick	Pittack⁵⁹	10 ng/ml	-
Taurine	100 µM	Rat	Altshuler⁶⁰	1 mM	100 µM
Shh	2.4 nM	Rat	Levine⁶¹	3 nM	-
All-trans RA	500 nM	Rat	Kelley⁶²	500 nM	1 µM
9-cis RA	100 nM	Rat	Kelley⁶², 1994
β2-laminin		Rat	Hunter⁶³
Activin A	100 ng/ml	Rat	Davis⁶⁴
T3	6.5 nM	Rat	Kelley⁶⁵

Optimal concentration was reported in the reference listed on cultured retinal progenitor cells. The last two columns (red) show successful concentrations reported by Osakada et al,57 in mouse, monkey and human embryonic stem (ES) cell cultures, while the green rows are factors reported only by other studies.

DAPT, γ-secretase inhibitor IX; aFGF, acidic fibroblast growth factor; bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; Shh, sonic hedgehog; Alltrans RA, all-trans retinoic acid; 9-cis RA, 9-cis retinoic acid; T3, triiodothyronine (active thyroid hormone)